SUYOGA

c#.net viva-voce

2010-11-21T17:37:00.000+05:30

Explain the .NET architecture.
How many languages .NET is supporting now? - When .NET was introduced it came with several languages. VB.NET, C#, COBOL and Perl, etc. The site DotNetLanguages.Net says 44 languages are supported.
How is .NET able to support multiple languages? - a language should comply with the Common Language Runtime standard to become a .NET language. In .NET, code is compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL for short). This is called as Managed Code. This Managed code is run in .NET environment. So after compilation to this IL the language is not a barrier. A code can call or use a function written in another language.
Does C# support multiple-inheritance?
No.
Who is a protected class-level variable available to?
It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class).

Are private class-level variables inherited?

Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or accessible via the class interface, they are inherited.

What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from?

System.Object
8. What’s the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable. System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.

9. Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?

No.

10.1. What’s the .NET collection class that allows an element to be accessed using a unique key?

HashTable.

12. What class is underneath the SortedList class?
A sorted HashTable.

13. Will the finally block get executed if an exception has not occurred?
Yes.

14. What’s the C# syntax to catch any possible exception?
A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}.

15. Can multiple catch blocks be executed for a single try statement?
No. Once the proper catch block processed, control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any).

Explain the three services model commonly know as a three-tier application.
Presentation (UI), Business (logic and underlying code) and Data (from storage or other sources).

17.What is the syntax to inherit from a class in C#?

Place a colon and then the name of the base class.

Example: class MyNewClass : MyBaseClass

18. Can you prevent your class from being inherited by another class?
Yes. The keyword “sealed” will prevent the class from being inherited.
19.Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Yes. Just leave the class public and make the method sealed.

20.What’s an abstract class?
A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that must be inherited and have the methods overridden. An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class without any implementation.

What is an interface class?
Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and events. But unlike classes, interfaces do not provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and defined as separate entities from classes.
Why can’t you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
They all must be public, and are therefore public by default.
Can you inherit multiple interfaces?
Yes. .NET does support multiple interfaces.
What happens if you inherit multiple interfaces and they have conflicting method names?
It’s up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to you. This might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you’re okay.
To Do: Investigate
What’s the difference between an interface and abstract class?
In an interface class, all methods are abstract - there is no implementation. In an abstract class some methods can be concrete. In an interface class, no accessibility modifiers are allowed. An abstract class may have accessibility modifiers.

What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?
Structs are value-type variables and are thus saved on the stack, additional overhead but faster retrieval. Another difference is that structs cannot inherit.

What does the keyword “virtual” declare for a method or property?
The method or property can be overridden.
How is method overriding different from method overloading?
When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class. Overloading a method simply involves having another method with the same name within the class.
Can you declare an override method to be static if the original method is not static?
No. The signature of the virtual method must remain the same. (Note: Only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override)

What are the different ways a method can be overloaded?
Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters.

What’s a delegate?
A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method.

What’s a multicast delegate?
A delegate that has multiple handlers assigned to it. Each assigned handler (method) is called.

What’s the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class’ set method? Value, and its datatype depends on whatever variable we’re changing.
How do you inherit from a class in C#? Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it’s double colon in C++.
Does C# support multiple inheritance? No, use interfaces instead.
When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to? Classes in the same namespace.
Are private class-level variables inherited? Yes, but they are not accessible, so looking at it you can honestly say that they are not inherited. But they are.
Describe the accessibility modifier protected internal. It’s available to derived classes and classes within the same Assembly (and naturally from the base class it’s declared in).
C# provides a default constructor for me. I write a constructor that takes a string as a parameter, but want to keep the no parameter one. How many constructors should I write? Two. Once you write at least one constructor, C# cancels the freebie constructor, and now you have to write one yourself, even if there’s no implementation in it.
What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from? System.Object.
How’s method overriding different from overloading? When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class.
What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition? The method can be over-ridden.
Can you declare the override method static while the original method is non-static? No, you can’t, the signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override.
Can you override private virtual methods? No, moreover, you cannot access private methods in inherited classes, have to be protected in the base class to allow any sort of access.

===> I am Thankful tho WEB.

GOOD LUCK FRIENDS. :)

How to create a C# ASP.NET Crystal Report

2010-11-13T18:03:00.003+05:30

adding hyper links in c#.net / link label / connect to internet from c#.net

2010-11-10T18:06:00.000+05:30

yo !

today i came across new concept in c#.net. here i am demonstrating that concept. it is small and very helpful concept. i hope this might be helpful in your windows application project/software.

i was trying to include some hyperlinks in my new software, where client can order(online) through window application. remember this is not web application. we are developing using c#.net and sql Server 2008.

drag one LinkLabel from toolbo->comman controls, here by default its name is linklabel1. and i made text as "test".

double click on test label.

Write the bellow code:

private void linkLabel1_LinkClicked(object sender, LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e)

{

System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("IExplore", "http://dontkillurdreams.blogspot.com");

linkLabel1.LinkColor = Color.Black;

linkLabel1.LinkVisited = true;

}

go ahead . happy coding.

inserting and displaying or accessing images from database(sql server) in c#.net

2010-11-07T13:38:00.002+05:30

Note :
IDE : Visual studio 2008
SQL SERVER 2000

=======================================================================
i came across this situation yesterday . i am giving 2-3 types of code. which i have taken from shabdar.org , codesource.net , eggheadcafe. etc. i am thankfull to all the above sites.

In order to follow this tutorial, you will need to have SQL Server, Visual Studio .NET and .NET Framework installed. Ensure that the SQL Server instance is running.

Getting to work:

First, we will need to create a new C# Windows application ( File -> New -> Project -> Visual C# Projects -> Windows Application ). Name the project readImage.

We are now in front of the empty form. Add a button from the Toolbox (if the Toolbox is not visible, select View -> Toolbox or simply press Ctrl + Alt + X). Set the Name property of the newly created Button to btn_add and set its Text to Add picture. We will need also another Button to view the image. So drag from the Toolbox another Button and set its name tobtn_load. Set its Text property to Display Selected Picture. Now we must add a ListBox object to keep track of the inserted images. So add it into the form. We don't need to modify anything for this object so let's move on. The last thing we will need on our form is a PictureBox control to display the picture extracted from the database. Add the control and set itsSizeMode property to StretchImage, to display the full image stretched to fit the control. We are now finished with the design.

After these steps, my application looks like this:

If yours looks different, don't worry! The issue here is not design, so you can arrange the control in any way you like. Well, now it's time to get to coding.

You need to declare a string with the data to connect to SQL Server. This differs from server to server. On my machine, the string is:

string c_string = @"server=raulcelrau\sqlserver;uid=sa;pwd=sa;database=Northwind;";

You will need to change the server property to your SQL Server's name, and your sa password to your password. The database property should remain unchanged. You will use the above string very often, so declare in your class, below the declaration of the controls you've added in the design part.

The next thing we will need to do is create a table where we want to put the image. We'll add this code in the Form1_Load method. So go to Design view (if you are not already there), and double-click the form's surface. Visual Studio .NET will create the Form1_Load method for you. Here, we add the following code:

string cmd = "create table Picture" +

"(" +

"PictureID int IDENTITY(0,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, " +

"PictureName varchar(40) NOT NULL, " +

"Picture Image NOT NULL" +

");";

SqlConnection c = new SqlConnection(c_string);
SqlCommand cm = new SqlCommand(cmd,c);

try
{
   c.Open();
   cm.ExecuteNonQuery();
}
catch (SqlException ee)
{
   MessageBox.Show(ee.Message);
}
finally
{
   c.Close();
}

The string cmd is the SQL code to create our table. Also you need to create a SqlConnection based on the above connection string and a SqlCommand based on the connection and the command string. We try opening the connection and executing the SQL. If something goes wrong, we display a MessageBox with the text of the error. No matter what happens before (if we get an error on don't), we close the connection. You should now have a table in the Northwind database named Picture.

The next step is to code the insertion of the picture in the database. We want that when we press the Add Picture button, to have an OpenFileDialog the helps us to select the picture to add in the database. From the Design view, double-click the Add Picture button. In the btn_add_Click method created, we will add code to insert the picture in the database.

We instantiate an OpenFileDialog object, and we allow only picture files to be selected(the Filter method lets you specify what type of files to be selected). If you want to have a choice to view all files, you add “All files|*.*” to the string.

if ( dlg.ShowDialog() ==DialogResult.OK )
{

pictureBox1.Image = new Bitmap(dlg.FileName);
string name=dlg.FileName.Substring(dlg.FileName.LastIndexOf(@"\")+1
,dlg.FileName.Length-dlg.FileName.LastIndexOf(@"\")-1);

}

If the user presses cancel instead of ok, we want to skip the insert part. So if the user presses the OK button, we set the pictureBox1's Image property to the selected image ( after declaring a Bitmap object based on the selected image path ). In the name variable we keep only the name of the file, and not its path.

MemoryStream mstr = new MemoryStream();
pictureBox1.Image.Save(mstr, pictureBox1.Image.RawFormat);
byte[] arrImage = mstr.GetBuffer();
string cmd = "insert into Picture (PictureName, Picture) values (@PName, @Pic)";

A MemoryStream object is created, on witch the selected image in saved. We are now able to get the bytes from the stream on witch the image is saved on. These bytes are going to be written to the table that we created earlier. The next step is the creation of the SQL witch will insert the image and the image's name into the database. You notice the @PName and @Pic. They are parameters that we will assign next.

SqlConnection c = new SqlConnection(c_string);
SqlCommand comm = new SqlCommand(cmd,c);
comm.Parameters.Add( new SqlParameter("@PName", SqlDbType.VarChar,40)).Value = name;
comm.Parameters.Add( new SqlParameter("@Pic",SqlDbType.Image)).Value = arrImage;
try
{

c.Open();
comm.ExecuteNonQuery();

}
catch(SqlException err)
{

MessageBox.Show(err.Message);

}
finally
{

c.Close();

}

listBox1.Items.Add(name);

We instantiate a SqlConnection and a SqlCommand and we add the parameters for the connection and also set their values. And we insert them into the database. One last thing we do is also add the name of the pictures in the ListBox control, so that we can display them when we'll press the btn_load button.
That's the code to insert in picture in the database, let's see now how do we get it out. Go to the Design view and double-click the Display Selected Picture button. You will notice thatVisual Studio .NET has created for you a method called btn_display_Click. We will need to add code to get the image out of the database and into the PictureBox control. We should display the pictures based on the index of the selected picture name that we add when we insert a picture into the ListBox. So we should first check if we have no item selected (if we do, the index will be negative)

if (listBox1.SelectedIndex<0)
{

MessageBox.Show("Please select a picture from the ListBox");

}
else
{

string cmd = "select picture from Picture where PictureID="+ listBox1.SelectedIndex +";";
SqlConnection cc = new SqlConnection(c_string);
SqlCommand com = new SqlCommand(cmd,cc);

Let's see what we've done. We checked if the selected index is positive, and if it is, we create a SQL string that selects the image from the database that has the same index as the selected index from the Listbox ( perhaps you noticed, that when we created the table, we added a column called PictureID, that was the primary key, and also had an attribute called IDENTITY(0,1). This attribute starts the counting from 0 and increments it each time by 1 – the same way our ListBox control does ). Next, we create a connection and a command.

try
{

cc.Open();
byte[] b = (byte [])com.ExecuteScalar();
MemoryStream mem = new MemoryStream(b);
pictureBox1.Image = Image.FromStream(mem);

}
catch (Exception ee)
{

MessageBox.Show(ee.Message);

}
finally
{

cc.Close();

}

We try to open the connection, end we execute the command using its ExecuteScalar method, witch returns the first row resulted from the select query. We take this result and convert it into a byte array ( remember that when we inserted it, we inserted also as a byte array ). From this byte array we instantiate a MemoryStream, from witch we reconstruct the image. If anything goes wrong, we get a messagebox with the error. Finally, we close the connection.
Try your program…. I did and here it is:

Close the application and run it again. You will get an error that the table already exists. Let's fix that by dropping the table when you close the application. Go to the Dispose method, and add:

string cmd = "drop table Picture;";
SqlConnection c = new SqlConnection(c_string);
SqlCommand cm = new SqlCommand(cmd,c);

try
{

c.Open();
cm.ExecuteNonQuery();

}
catch (SqlException ee)
{

MessageBox.Show(ee.Message);

}
finally
{

c.Close();

}

This code opens a connection to SQL Server and executes the drop table command. This is it. Hope you had as much fun as I did doing this.
Until next time I wish you good luck and happy programming. -Raul POPESCU (owner of this article)

==============================================================================

let me explain 2nd type :

The image should be stream read and stored in the database as a Binary Large Object (byte[]).

For reading the image as a binary one

private byte[] ReadImage(string imagePath)

{

//Open the file stream in read mode FileStream fs = File.OpenRead(imagePath); byte[] data = new byte[fs.Length]; fs.Read(data, 0, data.Length); return data;

}

When showing the image on the UI, retrieve the blob from the DB and use the below code to bind to a Image

control.

private void ShowImage(byte[] data)

{

//Here data in the byte[] retrieved from database

using (MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(data))

{

System.Drawing.Image newImage = System.Drawing.Image.FromStream(stream);

//save the image file to temporary folder

newImage.Save(strFileName);

//It is your HtmlImage control

img.Attributes.Add("src", strFileName);

}

===================================================================

And finally another type is :

To store an image in to sql server, you need to read image file into a byte array. Once you have image data in byte array, you can easity store this image data in sql server using sql parameters. Following code explains you how to do this.

        
private void cmdSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    try
    {
        //Read Image Bytes into a byte array
        byte[] imageData = ReadFile(txtImagePath.Text);

        //Initialize SQL Server Connection
        SqlConnection CN = new SqlConnection(txtConnectionString.Text);

        //Set insert query
        string qry = "insert into ImagesStore (OriginalPath,ImageData) _
                                    values(@OriginalPath, @ImageData)";

        //Initialize SqlCommand object for insert.
        SqlCommand SqlCom = new SqlCommand(qry, CN);

        //We are passing Original Image Path and 
        //Image byte data as sql parameters.
        SqlCom.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@OriginalPath", 
                                    (object)txtImagePath.Text));
                                    
        SqlCom.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@ImageData", 
                                            (object)imageData));

        //Open connection and execute insert query.
        CN.Open();
        SqlCom.ExecuteNonQuery();
        CN.Close();

        //Close form and return to list or images.
        this.Close();
    }

Following code explains how to read image file in to a byte array.

        
    //Open file into a filestream and 
    //read data in a byte array.
    byte[] ReadFile(string sPath)
    {
        //Initialize byte array with a null value initially.
        byte[] data = null;

        //Use FileInfo object to get file size.
        FileInfo fInfo = new FileInfo(sPath);
        long numBytes = fInfo.Length;

        //Open FileStream to read file
        FileStream fStream = new FileStream(sPath, FileMode.Open, 
                                                FileAccess.Read);

        //Use BinaryReader to read file stream into byte array.
        BinaryReader br = new BinaryReader(fStream);

        //When you use BinaryReader, you need to 

        //supply number of bytes to read from file.
        //In this case we want to read entire file. 

        //So supplying total number of bytes.
        data = br.ReadBytes((int)numBytes);
        return data;
    }

How to read image data bytes from SQL Server table

To read images from SQL Server, prepare a dataset first which will hold data from SQL Server table. Bind this dataset with a gridview control on form.

    void GetImagesFromDatabase()
    {
        try
        {
            //Initialize SQL Server connection.
            SqlConnection CN = new SqlConnection(txtConnectionString.Text);

            //Initialize SQL adapter.
            SqlDataAdapter ADAP = new SqlDataAdapter("Select * from ImagesStore", CN);

            //Initialize Dataset.
            DataSet DS = new DataSet();

            //Fill dataset with ImagesStore table.
            ADAP.Fill(DS, "ImagesStore");

            //Fill Grid with dataset.
            dataGridView1.DataSource = DS.Tables["ImagesStore"];
        }
        catch(Exception ex)
        {
            MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
        }
    }

Once you have image data in grid, get image data from grid cell. Alternatively you can also get image data from Dataset table cell.

            //Store image to a local file.
            pictureBox1.Image.Save("c:\test_picture.jpg",
System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Jpeg);

If you want you can extend this code to save image from Picture Box to a local image file.

    //Store image to a local file.
    pictureBox1.Image.Save("c:\test_picture.jpg",System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Jpeg);

this is writn by Mr.shabdar . thank to him.

===========================================================================

Hey friends , i hope this solves ur problem. again i am thankfull to owner of all the 3 article.

==========================================================================

happy programming !!!

More women respected in Pakistan than India: report

2010-11-06T19:30:00.002+05:30

Compared to India, a higher percentage of women in Pakistan feel they are treated with respect, says a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report.
According to the report, 81 percent women in Pakistan are treated with respect as compared to 79 percent in India. Even Bangladesh - with 86 percent - fares better on this index than India.
Courtesy: Siliconindia
view more here : http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/More_women_respected_in_Pakistan_than_India_report-nid-73572.html

please Say Bye to CRACKERS form today !

2010-11-04T06:45:00.000+05:30

   Don't argue like foolish. we are in 2010. try to understand the situation of our environment. try to understand ,why the scientist are crying , why the environment protectors are protesting ? and why really sea level , global temperature is increasing ? .. blah ..blah blah .....!!
   In this article i am concentrating on issues with using crackers in diwali/ganesha chaturti and other occasion.
   Crackers produces tones of carbon dioxide (Co2) and Carbon monoxide (Co) on the day of Diwali.(we are studied thisin our primary school ) Carbon dioxide produces Green House Effect and is a major cause of Global warming. Carbon monoxide causes permanent binding with Hemoglobin causing respiratory diseases. Moreover, noise pollution caused by cracking crackers leads to mental distress.

hey , you know after studying puc 1st year science i completely stopd to burning the crackers. and also i started awareness among our friends. but no use !! i dont know when we will learn these things. i hope at least you will stop burning crackers.

Yeah , and Finaly :
celebrate Eco-friendly Diwali by using traditional methods and Say No To Crackers and make this country safe, clean, noise & pollution free and eco-friendly environment.
thanks for reading !!!!! start acting !!!

QUICK REFERENCE TO ALL APTITUDE FORMULA

2010-10-31T08:03:00.002+05:30

please go through this useful link. it will be helpful for you in future.

download pdf :
(copy the link and paste it in url address. go ahead !!) '

http://www.scribd.com/doc/40513484

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DREAM BIG AND NEVER QUIT

2010-10-25T07:06:00.000+05:30

SAVE OUR PLANET

ಹೀಗೊಂದು sms !!

2010-10-18T07:44:00.000+05:30

loverಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಅಪ್ಪ-ಅಮ್ಮನ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಸುಳ್ಳು ಹೇಳ್ತಿರ .
but ಅಪ್ಪ-ಅಮ್ಮನಿಗೊಸ್ಕರ lover ಹತ್ರ ಯಾಕೆ ಸುಳ್ಳು ಹೇಳೋಕಾಗಲ್ಲ ?

Lover ಜೊತೆ ಮದುವೆ ಆಗೋಕೆ parents ನ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಹೋಗ್ತಿರ ,
but parents ಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಲೋವರ್ ನ ಯಾಕ ಬಿಟ್ ಬರೋಕಗೋಲ್ಲ ?

Lover ನ ಊಟ ಆಯ್ತಾ ?ಏನು ತಿಂದೆ ? ಎಷ್ಟು ತಿಂದೆ ? ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ತಿಂದ್ಯಾ ಇಲ್ವಾ ? ಅಂತ ಕೇಳ್ತಿರ !!
but parents ನ ಯಾವಾಗ್ಲಾದ್ರು ಕೇಳಿದಿರಾ ?

Lover ನ ಒಂದು promise ಗೆ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕೆಟ್ಟ ಅಭ್ಯಾಸನ ಬಿಟ್ತಿರ,
but ಅಪ್ಪ ಎಷ್ಟು ಸಲ ಹೇಳಿದ್ರು ಕೇಳ್ತಿರ ?

dedicated to all my friends who are neglecting their parents !!

REDUCE POLUTION. SAY HELLO TO " NAMMA METRO ".

Donate or Receive Blood

2010-10-17T09:09:00.001+05:30

      Bloody
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   &
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How to Test the Working of your Antivirus ???

2010-08-26T20:40:00.000+05:30

Hi all.
i hope u people may have lot of doubts on antivirus. here is the solution for one of those doubt.
please check it with care. The process is called EICAR test which will work on any antivirus and was developed by " European Institute of Computer Antivirus Research".This process can be used by people, companies and antivirus programmers to test the proper functioning of the antivirus/antimalware software without having to deal with the real computer virus which can cause damage to the computer. Here is a step-by-step procedure to test your antivirus.

1. open notepad. (notepad.exe).
Copy the following code exactly onto it, and save the notepad.
X5O!P%@AP[4\PZX54(P^)7CC)7}$EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$H+H*

2.Rename the file from New Text Document.TXT to myfile.com
3.Now run the antivirus scan on this myfile.com file.
If the antivirus is functioning properly on your computer, then it should generate a warning and immediately delete the file upon scanning. Otherwise you may have to re-install your antivirus.

NOTE: Most antivirus will pop-out a warning message in the Step-1 itself.

it is the safest method to test the proper functioning of any antivirus. you can check it for zip/rar file also.
go ahead.

Insert images into SQL Server without front-end application

2010-07-24T14:22:00.002+05:30

hi champs.
here i am explaining how to insert a binary data like images in to SQL.
its working. and also we can perform it in loop. :)

CREATE TABLE Nagaraj(Document varbinary(max))

INSERT INTO Nagaraj(Document) 
SELECT * FROM 
OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:\hegde.jpg', SINGLE_BLOB)

And

I added a loop script to it for a bunch of images 

-----------------------------------

DECLARE @imgString varchar(80)
DECLARE @insertString varchar(3000)


SET @imgNumber = 1

WHILE @imgNumber &lt; 101

BEGIN

SET @imgString = 'E:\images\Picture' + CONVERT(varchar,@imgNumber) + '.jpg'

SET @insertString = N'INSERT INTO images(imageData) 
SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N''' + @imgString + ''', SINGLE_BLOB) as tempImg'

EXEC(@insertString)

SET @imgNumber = @imgNumber + 1

END

Failure is a detour, not a dead-end street. !!!!

2010-07-16T15:34:00.001+05:30

i failed. yeah! this happens first time in my life.
i am not considering all those silly failures and daily bizz. but the academic failure was happened  yesterday. actually it was not by my mistake. its all credit goes to one of the professor(i dont like to his name, this may lead to some...?)and one professor of sit tumkur. and also there may be involvement of god(siddivinayaka).
i did every thing good. but i didnt get success. bull shit. i am not worry about it. but it is irritating me.
i cant explain that feeling. (that feeling will be like last minute goal from opponent.) . believe me, i am still damn confident and also involved in daily routine and job.
   ಆಗೋದು ಆಗ್ಬಿಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಇನ್ನು ನನ್ನ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ ಏನೂ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ  ನನಗೆ ಯಾಕೆ ಹೀಗಾಯ್ತು ಅನ್ನೋ ಚಿಂತೆ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಹೊಸ ಜೀವನದ ಅರಂಬ ಆಗಿರಬಹುದೇ ? may be !!

what may be the reason for this failure?
The majority of men meet with failure because of their lack of persistence in creating new plans to take the place of those which fail.
Napoleon Hill

then , what next?
"Failure is only the opportunity to begin again, only this time more wisely."
~ Henry Ford

  yes, ಇದೆ ಸಮಯ , ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಹೊಸ ಲೈಫ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡೋಕೆ. ಆದರೆ ಆಗುತ್ತ? ನೋ ...! ಆಗಲೇ ಬೇಕು. ಏನೆಲ್ಲಾ ನೋಡಾಯ್ತು ಇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿಗೆ. ಒಬ್ಬನೇ ಮೂರು ವರ್ಷ ಜೀವನ ಮಾಡಿದೆ . ಎಷ್ಟು ಕಷ್ಟ ಪಟ್ನಲ್ಲ , ಜೇಬಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ರೂಪಾಯಿಯೂ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಆಗಲು ಬದ್ಕಿದೆ, ಜೇಬಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾವಿರ ರೂಪಾಯಿ ಪೆನ್, ೩ ಏಟಿಎಂ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ ಇದ್ರೂ, ಬ್ಯಾಲೆನ್ಸ್ ಇಲ್ದೆ ಪರದಾಡಿದೆ. ಒಂದೇ ಒಂದು ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ,ಮಾತನ್ನು ಮನೇಲಿ ಅಪ್ಪ ಅಮ್ಮ ,ಚಿಕ್ಕಪ್ಪ , ಚಿಕ್ಕಮ್ಮ ನಿಗೆ ಹೇಳಿಲ್ಲ. ನಾನು ಯಾಕೆ ಹೀಗೆ? ಅವರೆಲ್ಲ ಏನೂ ಬೇಕಾದರು ಹೆಲ್ಪ್ ಮಾಡ್ತಾರೆ. ಅದ್ರು ನನಗೆ ಒಂದು ತರ!!
   ನೋಡೋಣ ಈ ವರ್ಷ ಯೆಲಹಂಕ ದಲ್ಲಿ ರೂಂ ಮಾಡಿದಿನಿ. i want to quit all those bizzz, online earning, promotions, adds , everything. ನಾನಾಯ್ತು, ನನ್ನ ಓದಾಯ್ತು, ಮತ್ತು ನನ್ನ 3-4 project ಆಯಿತು.
but what about my dream !!!!!! ಹಂಹ್! ಅದನ್ನು ಬಿಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಆಗುತ್ತ, !!!
it is a part of my life. no failure can affect it. i will reach it. and reach it shortly.

ನೆಪೋಲಿಯನ್ ಹೇಳಿದಾನೆ:
" Most great people have attained their greatest success just one step beyond their greatest failure."
ಅಂದ್ರೆ , ಇದು ನನ್ನ greatest failure ? or it is just a bull shit failure ?
ನೋಡಲು ತುಂಬಾ ಕಾಯ ಬೇಕು.

yes, i have to show my presence to the GOD(who is inside) ,not to the world.
i will do it.
yes.
Now , I feel the failure, Understand the failure , and i dont have fear of mistake. i am ready for any battle which consist of full of failures, and also let me believe on Napoleon Hill words :
"Most great people have attained their greatest success just one step beyond their greatest failure."
   it doesnt mean it is the only option for me. i realize my failure, thats why i take that quote.
yes. i hope new champ will emerge from me!!
BEST OF LUCK NAGARAJ , VICTORY IS YOURS.

and finally , GREEN TIP:

During the day when it is brighter outside, open the curtains and use the sunlight instead of turning on the lights.
Don't leave windows or doors open when the heat or air conditioning is on. This makes the furnace and AC have to work harder to heat and cool a room.(regards : http://www.powermin.nic.in/kids/lets_save_energy.htm)

When you have a sunny day, help hang the
clothes outside instead of using the dryer.

Displaying records in multiple columns using crystal report

2010-07-09T13:28:00.001+05:30

hi champ !!!
here is the way to display the records in multiple column.
deepak and me tried it. but didnt get solution. we divide the database into two parts. and made two separate crystal report in a page. and access two different database. everything was cooool.
yesturday only our client PRTC Bangalore, call us to modify something. according to there requirement, we need to modify the database column. !!!!! think it. they have inserted around 6000 records. now they are want some modification . is it possible to change structure of DB. huh!!
from yesturday night, deepak was thinking regarding it. but we didnt get the solution.
at this time i got a time to help him for his job.
i take the help of my one&only friend WWW. after googling more than 3 hours i got the answer. thanks to Mr.Srinivas Roa.

here is the solution.
Go Ahead!!

Open the report in Crystal Reports.
Right Click Details, Select "Section Export". Check "Format with Multiple
Columns". New tab by name "Layout" will be added on the top. Select that
tab. There specify the Width , Horizontal & Vertical Gap and than select
"Accross then Down" or "Down then Accross" as per your need.

finally , asusual ->; GREEN TIP

Use your printer wisely. You can save paper by printing on both sides of the page. Many professors don't mind if you turn in a paper like this-- just ask first. Save pages that you've printed and use the backs to print out drafts and other things you don't have to turn in. In addition, many printers have multiple settings for print quality. Use the high quality print setting for things that have to look nice, but use the low quality setting for things that don't. This will save ink. While you're at, consider cutting down on the things your print out. Do you really need to print out that web page, or can you just bookmark it?

Carry a water bottle. Think of how many bottles of water get consumed on a campus every day. Save waste and money and carry a refillable bottle. If the tap water on your campus is questionable, buy large containers of waters to refill your bottle

2010-06-18T11:48:00.000+05:30

ಅಯ್ಯಪ್ಪಾ ...! ಅಂತೂ ಎರಡು ವರ್ಷ ಮುಗ್ಸಿದೆ. ಫ್ರೆಂಡ್ಸ್ ಎಂ.ಸಿ.ಎ ಇಸಿ ಇಲ್ಲ ಕಣ್ರೀ... ಏನೋ ೧ ಸೆಮ್ ಒಳ್ಳೆ distinction ತಗೊಂಡು ಪಾಸು ಆಗಬಹುದು. ಆದ್ರೆ ೨ನ್ದ ಸೆಮ್ ಇಂದ ಊಹಂ ! ( i am not telling it is not possible. because i didd it know. why i am telling this here is: it was a special story. you will know about it shortly. ) .
ಓದ್ಬೇಕ್ರಿ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ , ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಆಲೋಚನೆ ಮಾಡಿ , ಅಪ್ಪ ಅಮ್ಮನ ನೆನಪು ಮಾಡ್ಕೊಳಿ.. ನೀವು ಯಾಕೆ ಓದ್ತಾ
ಇದ್ದೀರಾ ಅನ್ನೋದನ್ನ ಮರಿಬೇಡಿ. ಮತ್ತೆ ಏನನ್ನು ಸಡಿಸಬೇಕು ಅನ್ತಿದಿರೋ ..
ಅದನ್ನು ಸಾಧಿಸಿ. remembe they are waiting!! i mean our parents. dont delay ur success. its in ur hand. please .. please try harder.
ಇದನ್ನ ಯಾಕೆ ಬರಿಯೋಕೆ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡಿದಿನಿ ಅಂದ್ರೆ .. ಎಕ್ಷಾಮ್ ಟೈಮ್ ಅಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನು ಲೈಬ್ರರಿ ಅಲ್ಲೇ ಕಾಲ ಕಲಿತ ಇದ್ನಲ್ಲ...ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಆದ ವಿಚಿತ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ , ಈ ವರ್ಷ ನನ್ನ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪಾತ್ರಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ , ಆಗ ಅದ ಘಟನೆಗಳ ನೆನಪಿಗೆ. ಮತ್ತು ಅಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿದವರ ಮುಂದಿನ ಭವಿಷ್ಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಥಿಂಕ್ ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ ನನಗೆ ಅನ್ನಿಸಿದ್ದು ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ.

ಮುಂದುವರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ....
GREEN TIP:
Prohibit the Drip.
regarding saving the fuel:
"An important way how fuel is often wasted while driving is through rash driving. You must ensure that when you start driving, the accelerator should be used smoothly. Frequent usage of brakes also leads to stress on the auto braking system."

ಅಂತು ಇಂತೂ ... ಮಳೆಯೂ ಬಂತು...

2010-05-19T21:45:00.000+05:30

ಅಂತೂ ಮಳೆಗಾಲ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ಟ್ ಆಗ್ತಾ ಇದೆ.
ಈ ಸಲವಾದರೂ ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಮಳೆ-ಬೆಳೆ ಆಗಿ ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಬೆಲೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿ , ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಬದುಕು ಸಾಗಿಸಲಿ ಎಂದು ಹಾರೈಸುವ
:ನಿಮ್ಮವ: ನಾಗರಾಜ್ ಹೆಗಡೆ

The health hazards of IT professionals

2010-05-17T21:21:00.002+05:30

click the bellow link:

clink me

UID numbers for all. ! why it is needed?

2010-05-01T08:19:00.008+05:30

     On June 25th 2009, the Cabinet, Mr. Nandan Nilekani ಅವರನ್ನು Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) ದ Chairperson ಆಗಿ ನೆಮಕಮಾಡಿತು. The role that the Authority is to issue a unique identification number (UID) that can be verified and authenticated in an online, cost-effective manner, and that is robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities( is possible ?). ಅವರು ಹೇಳಿದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ   UID numbers will be issued over the next 12-18 months counted from August 2009. The first number would be issued between August 2010 to February 2011. Over five years, the Authority plans to issue 600 million UIDs.

   ಒಂದು ಒಳ್ಳೆ ವಿಷಯ ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಇಲ್ಲೇ ನಂದನ್ ನೀಲೇಕಣಿಯವರು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರವಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುವ authority ಪಡೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ . so No govt. agency will interfere in the planning, implication and any process of authority. ಇದು ರಾಜಕಾರಣಿಗಳಿಗೆ ತಲೆನೋವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಣಮಿಸಬಹುದು. ಅವರು ಸಾಕಿದ ಜನಗಳಿಗೆ(ಜನ ?) ಕಾರ್ಡ್ ಕೊಡಿಸೋದು ಕಷ್ಟವಾಗಬಹುದು. ಫಂಡ್ಗೆ ಏನೂ ಕೊರತೆ ಆಗಲ್ಲ
ಅಂತ Prime minister office ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ .

I hope UID cards distribution will start in 2011.ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ವಿಷಯ ಏನಾಗಿತ್ತು ಅಂದ್ರೆ Unique Identification Authority of India (UIAI)ನ pilot state implimentation ಗಾಗಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು ಅಯ್ಕೆಮಾಡಿದ್ದರು.ನೀಲೇಕಣಿ ಯವರು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದೇನು ಅಂದ್ರೆ “Karnataka will be the first state in the country wherein the multi-purpose ID numbers will be rolled out. The entire state will be covered under the pilot project.” ಅವರು ಸಾದಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಕೂಡ. ಮೊನ್ನೆ ಮೊನ್ನೆ ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿದೆ.

I am happy to note that the UID project first launched in Karnataka.
“]Mr. Nilekani, who belongs to Karnataka,
would definitely succeed in its pilot attempt, as he knows the whole of Karnataka. I am sure that he would definitely succeed in his mission. The project once implemented would go a long way in enabling people, particularly those belonging to the lower strata of the society, to obtain various governmental benefits with ease.

ಈಗ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ card's technology ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನೋಡೋಣ. ನುಮ್ಮ ನಂಬರ್ ಹೇಗಿರುತ್ತೆ ಅಂತ ತಿಳಿಯಬಹುದು.

ನನಗೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿರೋ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ configuration is like :

The card will be available with all functions like card no, Magnetic tape with chip.
Codes
#                                 Use for Unique Identity cards
*                                  Use for NRI.
//                                  Use for foreigners working in embassies or Ministers/ Officials.
=                                  Use for foreign visitors in India.
*/                                 Foreigners are working in Indian corporate.
0091                            Country code for NRI we can use (his/ her country code)
0011                            Delhi (state code) NRI belongs to this state
0000                            District Code.       NRI belongs to this district.
**** **** ****          Person’s Identity NRI’s Identity No….

The total card codes will be …
# 0091 0011 0000 **** **** **** for Indian
* 0001 0212 0000 **** **** **** for NRI
// 0001 0212 0000 **** **** **** for foreigners working in India.
= 0001 0011 0000 **** **** **** for foreign visitors.
*/ 0001 0032 0000 **** **** **** for foreigners working in corporate.
0001 Country code of NRI/ Foreigner
0000 State code of India (To know his position)

Students can become interns in UID project
ಈಗ ಈ article ನ ಮುಕ್ಯವಾದ theme ಗೆ

ಬಂದಿದಿವಿ.
ಈ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ ನಮಗೆ multipurpose ಕಾರ್ಡ್ ಆಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತೆ. ಇದನ್ನು USA ನ SSN

ಗೆ

compare ಮಾಡಬಹುದು.

ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ uses ಏನಂದ್ರೆ :

Debit Card (Before transaction the person has to enter its last four digits of virtual Debit cards)
Credit Card (before transaction the person have to enter its last four digits of virtual cards)
No need to keep foreign currency or Indian rupee in India.
Bank Account opening, No need to file any paper just swap your and guarantor’s card.
In NREGA the contractor will file your card code in his register and you will get your payment in bank account.
Employee just enter his/ her UID in the time of joining, his/ her all record will update with current employer.
Just fill only your UID card no. in Online Tax returns; it will automatically deduct your tax after rebate (LIC, 80G, and Investment). Here no need to get refund and govt. can save thousands of cr. Rupees of interest.
During the shopping in your area you have to swap your card and insert the pin for transactions. For this we have to reduce transition charges till 0.5%.
This card will be our driving license. On this card a picture will be published of authorized driving vehicle. (White car for pvt., and yellow car for commercial).
Our all the personal records like, height, finger prints and education will be feed on it.
Card holder can cast his/ her vote any where in India through ATM or any information kiyosk with the help of this card. (The person will enter its card in voting machine and soon all candidate lists will be available of his/ her locality in touch panel voting machine.
No one cay buy or sell any property without

UID card

Through it we can control the black money and confirm that how much property is belongs to this person. Govt. can provide subsidy to whom have not any flat or property and get extra tax who have already flat or property.

Through this card govt. will deduct Electricity bill, Water bill, house tax or other bills itself. No need to go anywhere to submit your bill. (It should be applicable in A B and C category of Cities).

click below link to watch interview of Mr.Nilekani.

INTERVIEW – Nandan Nilekani on India’s UID project

Last Note: it was really a very good step taken by our govt. and they have choosen the right person (nandan nilkeni) for this work. i wish nandan nilkeni to be very successful in this project.

dear readers, i have wrote this according to my knowledge. of course i have taken this information from legal sources but these are just a initial plans. it may varies when it is implemented.

GREEN TIP: I am the earth. You are the earth. The Earth is dying. You and I are murderers.

ನನಗೂ ಕನ್ನಡ ಬರುತ್ತೆರೀ

2010-04-15T21:43:00.002+05:30

Really nice to hear our gentleman prince Dravid speaks Kannada.
click the bellow link to hear.
ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ದ್ರಾವಿಡ್ ಇಂಟರ್ವ್ಯೂ

Special thanks to : Team RCB

50 earth friendly tips.

2010-03-31T21:57:00.000+05:30

Recycle Everything in your Life! Start Recycling Everything If You Can't Reuse It!

50 Things You Can Recycle

Increasing the Speed of Your Internet Connection

2010-03-31T21:55:00.000+05:30

Does your ISP deliver the speed you pay for? It’s rather easy to test your broadband internet speed. However, there are a few things to keep in mind. For one, ISPs usually promise an “up to” speed, so you can’t expect top performance at all times, that’s part of the deal. During high traffic times your ISP will suffer from high loads and will certainly not be able to deliver the maximum speed. Thus you’d best perform different speed tests at different time points, to see whether you ever reach the top speed. Also, when running a speed test, make sure no other applications are using the internet, else the result will not be accurate.
Speedtest.net is a good place to test your internet speed. They operate through servers all over the world, so you can connect to a server near you, which increases the accuracy of your result.

As you may realize, your internet speed does not only depend on your ISP, it also depends on the hardware and software used on your end of the line. If you are using hardware provided by your ISP, there shouldn’t be a problem. The bottleneck for speed often sits in the connecting computer.
Here are a few tips to Increase the Speed of Your Internet Connection

TIPS

Green Tip of the Day: eCycling captures &reuses lead/chromium & helps avoid land air & h2o pollution.

The application failed to initialize properly (0xc0000076). Click on OK to terminate the application.

2010-03-17T23:00:00.000+05:30

http://www.pchelpforum.com/fixed-hijackthis-logs/26552-resolved-help-error-message.html

How to change screen resolution in C#

2010-03-17T22:38:00.000+05:30

http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/Joshy_geo/changescreenresolution10102006112110AM/changescreenresolution.aspx

======================================================================

Tiger is national animal of my country, which is symbol of courage and power.
So i request to all peples of my country that please you all contribute what you can to save TIGERS.,
Tigers are one of the most beautiful creatures, God has gifted us with. Pls save them. Let us join hands and save these beautiful creatures on earth. Help save Nature. Help save Tigers. Thank You.

Detecting a Client's screen resolution in ASP.NET

2010-03-17T22:31:00.000+05:30

http://devcity.net/Articles/64/1/screenresolution.aspx

Alpha and Omega
Take care
Take care of the gift of nature
Take care of our land
Save our pride
Our earth, our future, just save it!

New Dell laptop introduces wireless charging

2010-03-14T13:09:00.000+05:30

click he bellow link .

http://tech.yahoo.com/blogs/null/151638

ASP Net - Force a complete reload of a page

2010-02-14T14:40:00.000+05:30

response.redirect

----------------------------------------------------------------
Try this instead of Response.Redirect, It works perfectly well....

Response.AddHeader "Refresh", "0;URL=default.asp"

----------------------------------------------------------------
This will reload the page specified, if you want to use it to reload the same page after executing some scripting
you can use a variable....

If PageStatus = "reload" Then
Response.AddHeader "Refresh", "0;URL=SamePage.asp"
PageStatus = ""
End If

How to Display Message Box in ASP.Net Using C#

2010-02-14T14:36:00.004+05:30

Use javascript alert to display Message box in asp.net
eg
Response.Write(""");

in .aspx
private void MessageBox(string msg)
{
Label lbl = new Label();
lbl.Text = "";
Page.Controls.Add(lbl);
}

and u can call
MessageBox("YO");

Regional Settings for IIS - Date Format

2010-02-14T12:39:00.000+05:30

You can set the date format in Control Panel -> Regional and Language Options -> Customize (button in Regional Options screen) -> Date. This is a server-wide change that will affect all sites. If a particular site needs it to be different but you don't want to change it for the whole server, they should handle it purposefully in code. For example, they could run all dates through a method to change the format.

tips for safe online Banking

2010-02-13T13:19:00.001+05:30

Have you tried transferring money online lately? It can get quite complex in the case of some banks. In the opening website, you give only your customer ID and press enter. The screen then moves onto another page that asks for the password.

Only then does it access the account. Once you ask for funds transfer, the system rather then carrying out the request immediately could first ask several questions. If the figure is big, it could even ask you to do things like keying in a distorted word on display . Only after all that will the transaction go through.

Safer transaction on Net

The whole process that normally takes less than 10 minutes could go on for 20 minutes. It becomes almost a memory test, you have to remember the password, and things like your mother’s maiden name, your birth date, address pincode.

Security service providers today offer a variety of such solutions.

One-minute password

One of these involves issuing a smart card or token which has changing numbers in them. When a user logs into his bank or brokerage website, he will be asked to fill in not just his password but also the additional number given in the token. The token number is a set of 7 to 8 digits that changes every 30 or 60 seconds.

Tracking user behavior

Another dynamic security solution involves keeping an active account of user behaviour and taking action accordingly.

Thus, the system will note the IP address from which you normally log in to the account, the nature of activities you normally conduct with the bank, the browser you use and the version of it, and even may be the resolution of your monitor.

The need for security

The need for more sophisticated security measures are arising from the fact that cyber crime is on the rise. There was a time when hackers hacked for fun. Increasingly, they are doing it for financial gains.

Apple designs its own chip for iPad

2010-02-04T16:11:00.000+05:30

San Francisco: Usually device maker buy their primary chips from specialized microprocessor companies, but Apple has defied the normal procedure by designing an A4 fingernail-sized chip for iPad. By designing its own processors burdens Apple with additional engineering costs and potential product delays, reports New York Times.

The hype surrounding Apple's tablet did not help Apple as many expert felt disappointment for the end product. "I don't see anything that looks that compelling," said Linley Gwennap, a Chip Analyst at the Linley Group. "It doesn't seem like something all that new, and, if it is, they are not getting far with it."

Steven P. Jobs, Apple's Chief Executive Officer, says that the A4 chip is "the most advanced chip" Apple had ever used and said it was crucial to the iPad's speed, reliability and 10-hour battery life. Apple had entered the chip business in 2008 by acquiring the 150-employee start-up PA Semi. That company had been working on chips that could handle large volumes of data while consuming very low amounts of power.

The A4-powered iPad's battery life and speed is similar to those of computers running on competing chips. Apple will soon be launching iPad in March which will be offering up to 16 hours of battery life when playing video. These will run on chips by Nvidia and Qualcomm that have designs reminiscent of the A4.

"From what we have seen so far, Apple's product seems to stack up evenly with the competition," said Dean McCarron, a chip analyst with Mercury Research. "Clearly, Apple is using their own metric for whatever 'best' is." Apple's laptops and desktops run on Intel chips, while Samsung has been selling Apple the primary chips for the iPhone.

Apple still appears committed to its chip plans. "This is somewhere where Apple thinks it can make a unique product, and it definitely signals a new direction for them," said Nathan Brookwood, a Chip Analyst at Insight 64.

Reduce, Reuse & Recycle
Green. That’s how we’d like the world to be.

2010-01-31T12:16:00.001+05:30

Pollution, pollution green is the solution

Cool News for Bengalureans.

2010-01-31T12:09:00.001+05:30

Catch the IPL3 action LIVE online. !!!

Hey every1. No more to worry for IPL lovers . if you r stuck at office with no tv set around you. dont worry,Bcoz IPL3 will be aired live on Youtube for free across the world.

IPL's tie-up with google will enable cricket buffs to watch all 60 matches on youtube.

I am Happy, bcoz i can watch the Royal challengers on my system now. i was using other sites for checking the live score. frow now onwords , there no such scene.

"Plant a tree, green the earth, clean the air, live happily"

World Speedtest Results

2010-01-25T17:15:00.001+05:30

Top Countries by Download Speed

23.70 Mb/s Korea, Republic of
17.07 Mb/s Japan
16.71 Mb/s Aland Islands
16.36 Mb/s Latvia
14.92 Mb/s Romania
14.60 Mb/s Lithuania
14.50 Mb/s Sweden
13.90 Mb/s Netherlands
13.58 Mb/s Andorra
13.56 Mb/s Bulgaria
12.00 Mb/s Moldova, Republic of
10.47 Mb/s Hong Kong
10.40 Mb/s Portugal
11 Mb/s Slovakia
1.38 Mb/s India

Top Countries by Upload Speed

9.39 Mb/s Lithuania
8.29 Mb/s Japan
6.50 Mb/s Latvia
6.38 Mb/s Aland Islands
6.23 Mb/s Bulgaria
5.69 Mb/s Hong Kong
5.53 Mb/s Romania
5.48 Mb/s Andorra
5.35 Mb/s Sweden
5.20 Mb/s Slovenia
4.81 Mb/s Russian Federation
3.59 Mb/s Moldova, Republic of
3.43 Mb/s Netherlands
3.42 Mb/s Korea, Republic of
0.50 Mb/s India

Significance of Planets ( Vedic)

2010-01-23T17:40:00.000+05:30

check the bellow link for information. it is really wonder full. i hope u will surely get more knowledge.

http://jyotishvidya.com/planets.htm

Asrology -Vedic Systems

2010-01-23T17:34:00.001+05:30

The Vedic System of Astrology

The Zodiac

In Vedic Astrology (jyotish), the Ayanamsa value (due to the precession of equinox) is deducted from the Tropical longitudes of planets (and the Ascendant) to get the Sidereal longitudes. Hence the longitudes of planets in Western astrology (Tropical) and Vedic astrology differ by (aprox) 50.25 seconds per year (from the date of coincidence of the Tropical and the Sidereal zodiacs)...

Obviously Natal charts cast in these 2 systems will not be the same!

Grahas (planets)

In Jyotish, the name given to Vedic astrology, only the planets from Sun through to Saturn are used as the outer planets Neptune, Uranus and Pluto are not considered major players in the destiny of man. The Sidereal (or true) position of the planets is used in Jyotish; not the tropical (or fixed) position as used in Western astrology.

The Nodes

The North and South Nodes of the Moon (Rahu and Ketu), although only mathematical points, are given the status of (shadowy) planets in this system of astrology. They have a significant influence on the houses they occupy and the planets they conjoin.

Dasa System (ruling planets)

According to Vedic system of astrology, each planet rules for a certain length of time. During this time the significations of the planet as well as the affairs of the house it occupies will manifest as our experience. Each major period is divided into sub-periods which are further divided into lesser (or minor) periods. In this way living beings fulfil the karma that is due to them.

Nakshatras (constellations or lunar mansions)

The 27 nakshatras (lunar mansions) play an important role in jyotish as they influence the quality of the sign in which they are positioned and, in the same way, the quality of the graha (planet) depends (to some extent) on the nakshatra in which it's positioned. Each nakshatra is divided into 4 equal parts of 3 degrees 20 minutes (padas), and each nakshatra pada, having its own significance for interpretation, is governed (as lord) by one of the nine planets.

Vargas (divisional charts)

In this system of astrology several smaller charts are employed along with the main horoscope. These (divisional) charts cover specific areas of one's life in greater depth and are invaluable in their ability to broaden the natal chart...particularly useful in the birth of twins for instance who may be born only minutes apart and often their main horoscopes are identical. However, when consulting these smaller charts, the differences in certain areas of their lives become clear.

D.N.A

Scientists today are discovering the most subtle links between d.n.a. and human behavior. They have isolated not only the genes that predispose us to certain diseases but also the genes that incline us to such things as addictive behavior, criminality, alcoholism, depression, obesity and so on. In so doing they are confirming what our ancient rishis have always known...namely that what we are, what we aspire to achieve, our weaknesses and our strengths are indelibly stamped on our own individual blueprint. That blueprint, present in every strand of d.n.a., is reflected in our horoscope.

special thanx to :jyotishvidya.com

When the last tree is cut down, the last river poisoned, and the last fish caught, will we realize that we can't eat money?

Global Warming - Erylynn's Poem

2010-01-02T21:13:00.000+05:30

Global Warming isn’t hard to explain
It leaves Mother Earth crying with excruciating pain.

This hurts our planet in every single way
The changes could leave us all in sorrow and dismay.

We need to stop it now so the temperature doesn’t rise
People, plants, and animals would be in demise.

Changes in temperature due to the depleting ozone layer
We really don’t need it so show us that you care.

Mother Nature can’t do it all so let’s give her a rest.
We all need to try and do what is best.

Our planet earth is precious and can’t be replaced
We need to act now or our home will be erased.

Add colourful wordings, videos, smilies, links to your Orkut profile and scraps( Regards : Satish)

2010-01-02T19:57:00.000+05:30

Add images
•Copy and paste urls ending in .jpg, .gif, .png or .bmp and the image will appear in the scrap.

for example, http://myimage.com/me1.gif

•Add videos from YouTube:

Copy and paste the url and the video will appear in the scrap.

for example, http://youtube.com/watch?v=videoid

•Add podcast/audio:

Copy and paste the url of an audio file and an audio player will appear in the scrap.

for example, http://playlist.com/song1.mp3

•Add html-embeddable objects:

Create or upload your content at sites such as photobucket.com, imageshack.com, rockyou.com or slide.com. Copy and paste the html embed code to share it with your friends

•To change the font color of your text, type the name of the color you wish to use in brackets.

Ex:- [ColorName]Your text that you want to see in red color[/ColorName]

green]Text will appear in green, in Orktu[/green]

•To make text bold, italic, or underlined, use [b], [i] and [u] accordingly.

•To make a word a link, use [link]…[/link]

[red]this is in red colour[/red] [b][i]mytext[/i][/b] ! [:)]

for all readers

2010-01-01T08:58:00.002+05:30

I wish U to have a …..

Sweetest Sunday,

Marvelous Monday,

Tasty Tuesday,

Wonderful Wednesday,

Thankful Thursday,

Friendly Friday,

Successful Saturday.

Have a great Year. HAPPY NEW YEAR

ಆಪತ್ಕಾಲದ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಗಳು

2009-12-30T18:40:00.000+05:30

ನಾರಾಯನ ಹ್ರದಯಾಲಯ : ೦೮೦-೨೭೮೩೫೦೦೦

ನಾರಾಯಣ ನೇತ್ರಾಲಯ : ೦೮೦-೬೬೧೨-೧೩೦೦-೦೫

ಜಯದೇವ ಹಾಸ್ಪಿಟಲ್ : ೦೮೦-೨೨೯೭೭೪೦೦

ಮಣಿಪಾಲ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ ಸಮೂಹ : ೦೮೦-೨೫೦೨ ೪೪೪೪೪

ಬಾಪೂಜಿ ಮೆಡಿಕಲ್ ಕಾಲೇಜ್ : ೦೮೧೯೨ - ೨೭೦೫೨೨

ಜೆ ಬಿ ಎಸ : ೦೮೦-೨೬೨೫ ೫೫೫೫

ಕ್ರೆದೆಲ್ : ೦೮೦- ೪೦೨೦೨೨೨೨

ಅಪೋಲೋ : ೦೮೦-೪೦೩೦೪೦೫೦

ನೇತ್ರಧಾಮ : ೦೮೦-೨೬೬೩೩೫೩೩

ಎಂ ಎಸ ರಾಮಯ್ಯ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ : ೦೮೦-೨೩೬೦೮೮೮೮

ವಾಣಿವಿಲಾಸ್: ೦೮೦-೨೬೭೦೮೩೯೫

ಮಲ್ಯ ಹಾಸ್ಪಿಟಲ್: ೦೮೦-೨೨೨೭೭೯೭೯

Understanding Hinduism – Hindu Religion Basics for Beginners

2009-12-30T18:31:00.000+05:30

Many people find it difficult to understand Hinduism because of the numerous deities, scriptures and schools of thought. The difficulty is primarily due to the popular concept of God – that there is a God sitting somewhere up in the heavens and controlling the happenings on earth. In fact majority of Hindus too believe in a ‘God sitting above’ but the sole difference that a Hindu can choose a personal God or Gods from the numerous deities in the Hindu pantheon who are all the representative of the Supreme Being – Brahman.

Hinduism, the real name Sanatana Dharma, should be understood step by step. The confusion arises when people directly jumps into the various schools of thought and scriptures or by forming an opinion by standing in the outskirts.

•First step, every Hindu begins by praying to a personal god or gods or goddess or goddesses. There is a goddess for learning, there is a god of wealth etc etc. Each individual’s personal god is a symbol of his/her highest ideals.

The whole confusion exists in this level. The numerous gods and goddesses exist in this step. The various schools of thoughts, numerous rituals, scriptures, the caste system, mythology, incarnations, festivals, prayers, debates, astrology, shlokas exist in this level. Most people in this level are fortune seekers – who want to lead a good life on the earth with the help of God. So they propitiate a personal god, they bribe the god and so on. The three important sects in Hindu religion – the Vaishnava (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva) and Shakti (Mother Goddess) is also found in this level.

Even majority of Hindus do not realize the concept of Brahman in this level. The personal god becomes the sole refuge for many. But the scriptures like the Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads constantly remind people to think beyond and to find answers to questions like Who am I? or Why do I suffer? Very few find time to find answers or even dare to enter the next domain.

•The next level begins with contemplation. Some people reach at this level by questioning the very existence of God. Others by trying to find answers to questions like Who am I?

In this level the person realizes that I and God are one and therefore he studies more and more about Brahman. In this level he reads the scriptures, looks out for a Guru, and follows the teachings of ancient seers and modern day gurus. Most seekers in this level are students – they read and try to find answers. A person in this level will frequently go back to the previous level. Because it is difficult to understand Brahman or that there is only one reality and God is not going to help him in finding wealth.

.There are few souls who will get into the next level. They realize that there is only Brahman – I and Body will drop.

They will become silent or sing praises of the numerous gods or concentrate on a single personal God. Reaching this level is very difficult. But very few return back from this level. They like solitude life or become wandering monks. They find the true meaning of ‘Thou Art That’ or everything is Brahman. There is no death or birth but mere transformation. But even in this level to a small degree the Brahman remains outside.

•The next level is the highest level.

Nothing to write, nothing to talk because there is only ONE.

Please note that graphs and thoughts are my personal opinion and a reflection of what I have learned so far. The graphs contains more information if you can contemplate.

(reference : abhilash Hindu Blog)

Hindu Dharma Shastras – Social Laws in Hinduism

2009-12-30T18:19:00.001+05:30

In Hindu religion, Dharma Shastras are social laws that include the codes of conduct to be observed by individuals living in a society. Dharma Shastras are works by various sages of ancient India. The most famous and the most controversial Dharma Shastra is the Manu Smirti. Apart from Manu’s Dharma Shastra, there are 18 Dharma Shastras that are applicable in different periods of time.

A particular Dharma Shastra is applicable only during a Manvantara. A manvantara is the period of time or duration that a Manu (the archetypal human being) rules the entire creation. One Manvantara is 306,720,000 human years.
Apart from Manu, the other Dharma Shastras that are applicable in different periods are named after Apastamba, Bharadvaja, Daksha, Devala, Samakha, Vasishta, Gautama, Samavarata, Vishnu, Harita, Shatanika, Vyasa, Likhita, Shatotraya, Yajnavalkaya, Parashara, Sahunaka and Yama.

(Reference: Hinduism Frequently Asked Questions by Chinmaya Mission)

ಕೆಳರಪ್ಪ ಕೇಳಿ

2009-11-29T19:26:00.000+05:30

ನೋಡಿ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ, ನಾನು ನೋಡಿದ್ದನ್ನ ಹೇಳ್ತಾ ಇದೀನಿ .
     ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಜನ ಖಾಕಿ ಹಾಕಿದ ಪೋಲಿಸರಿಗೆ ಹೆದರತ ಇಲ್ಲ. ನೋಡಿದರು ನೋಡದ ಹಗೆ ಹೋಗ್ತಾ ಇದರೆ. ಅದೇ ನಮ್ಮೊರ ಕಡೆ ಆದ್ರೆ ಅಷ್ಟೇ . ಅವ್ರಿಗೆ ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ ಮಾಡೋದಂದ್ರೆ ಖುಷಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಅದು ಪ್ರೆಸ್ಟೀಜ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ.....?????
    ನಿಮಗೊಂದು ವಿಷಯ ಗೊತ್ತ....?
          illi ಜನ ಇದರಲ್ಲ ವೈಟ್ ಪೋಲಿಸ್ ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಸಾಕು.. ನೂರು ಮಾರು ಓಡಿ ಹೋಗ್ತಾರೆ..!   ಎಸ್.
ಯಾಕೆ ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ರೋಡ್ನ್ಅಳ್ತಾ ಇರೋರು ಅವ್ರೆ. ಅವ್ರೆ..!!!!
ಅವ್ರ ಕೈಗೆ sikki hakkondre kathe mugithu. hosadagi tegedu konda bikena bekadru ಅದು sariyilla edu sariyilla anta heli athava signa jump athava enadroo heli ... namma jebige katri haktare. adakkage namma ಜನ traffic ಪೋಲಿಸ್ ge hedartare kanri.....!

C++ VIVA QUESTIONS :

2009-11-28T11:49:00.002+05:30

1. What is the difference between interpreters and compilers?

Interpreters read through source code and translate a program, turning the programmer's code, or program instructions, directly into actions. Compilers translate source code into an executable program that can be run at a later time.

2. How do you compile the source code with your compiler?

Every compiler is different. Be sure to check the documentation that came with your compiler.

3. What does the linker do?

The linker's job is to tie together your compiled code with the libraries supplied by your compiler vendor and other sources. The linker lets you build your program in pieces and then link together the pieces into one big program.

4. What are the steps in the development cycle?

Edit source code, compile, link, test, repeat.
5. What is the difference between the compiler and the preprocessor?

Each time you run your compiler, the preprocessor runs first. It reads through your source code and includes the files you've asked for, and performs other housekeeping chores. The preprocessor is discussed in detail on Day 18, "Object-Oriented Analysis and Design."

6. Why is the function main() special?

main() is called automatically, each time your program is executed.

7. What are the two types of comments, and how do they differ?

C++-style comments are two slashes (//), and they comment out any text until the end of the line. C-style comments come in pairs (/* */), and everything between the matching pairs is commented out. You must be careful to ensure you have matched pairs.

8. Can comments be nested?

Yes, C++-style comments can be nested within C-style comments. You can, in fact, nest C-style comments within C++-style comments, as long as you remember that the C++-style comments end at the end of the line.

9. Can comments be longer than one line?

C-style comments can. If you want to extend C++-style comments to a second line, you must put another set of double slashes (//).
10. What are the differences between the function prototype and the function defi-nition?

The function prototype declares the function; the definition defines it. The prototype ends with a semicolon; the definition need not. The declaration can include the keyword inline and default values for the parameters; the definition cannot. The declaration need not include names for the parameters; the definition must.

11. Do the names of parameters have to agree in the prototype, definition, and call to the function?

No. All parameters are identified by position, not name.

12. If a function doesn't return a value, how do you declare the function?

Declare the function to return void.

13. If you don't declare a return value, what type of return value is assumed?

Any function that does not explicitly declare a return type returns int.

14. What is a local variable?

A local variable is a variable passed into or declared within a block, typically a function. It is visible only within the block.

15. What is scope?

Scope refers to the visibility and lifetime of local and global variables. Scope is usually established by a set of braces.

16. What is recursion?

Recursion generally refers to the ability of a function to call itself.

17. When should you use global variables?

Global variables are typically used when many functions need access to the same data. Global variables are very rare in C++; once you know how to create static class variables, you will almost never create global variables.

18. What is function overloading?

Function overloading is the ability to write more than one function with the same name, distinguished by the number or type of the parameters.

19. What is polymorphism?

Polymorphism is the ability to treat many objects of differing but related types without regard to their differences. In C++, polymorphism is accomplished by using class derivation and virtual functions.
20. Is the declaration of a class its interface or its implementation?

The declaration of a class is its interface; it tells clients of the class how to interact with the class. The implementation of the class is the set of member functions stored--usually in a related CPP file.

21. What is the difference between public and private data members?

Public data members can be accessed by clients of the class. Private data members can be accessed only by member functions of the class.

22. Can member functions be private?

Yes. Both member functions and member data can be private.

23. Can member data be public?

Although member data can be public, it is good programming practice to make it private and to provide public accessor functions to the data.

24. Do class declarations end with a semicolon? Do class method definitions?

Declarations end with a semicolon after the closing brace; function definitions do not.

25. What is the difference between the indirection operator and the address of oper-ator?

The indirection operator returns the value at the address stored in a pointer. The address of operator (&) returns the memory address of the variable.

26. What is the difference between a reference and a pointer?

A reference is an alias, and a pointer is a variable that holds an address. References cannot be null and cannot be assigned to.

27. When must you use a pointer rather than a reference?

When you may need to reassign what is pointed to, or when the pointer may be null.

28. What does new return if there is insufficient memory to make your new object?

A null pointer (0).

29. What is a constant reference?

This is a shorthand way of saying "a reference to a constant object."

30. What is the difference between passing by reference and passing a reference?

Passing by reference means not making a local copy. It can be accomplished by passing a reference or by passing a pointer.
31. When you overload member functions, in what ways must they differ?

Overloaded member functions are functions in a class that share a name but differ in the number or type of their parameters.

32. What is the difference between a declaration and a definition?

A definition sets aside memory, but a declaration does not. Almost all declarations are definitions; the major exceptions are class declarations, function prototypes, and typedef statements.

33. When is the copy constructor called?

Whenever a temporary copy of an object is created. This happens every time an object is passed by value.

34. When is the destructor called?

The destructor is called each time an object is destroyed, either because it goes out of scope or because you call delete on a pointer pointing to it.

35. How does the copy constructor differ from the assignment operator (=)?

The assignment operator acts on an existing object; the copy constructor creates a new one.

36. What is the this pointer?

The this pointer is a hidden parameter in every member function that points to the object itself.

37. How do you differentiate between overloading the prefix and postfix increments?

The prefix operator takes no parameters. The postfix operator takes a single int parameter, which is used as a signal to the compiler that this is the postfix variant.

38. Can you overload the operator+ for short integers?

No, you cannot overload any operator for built-in types.

39. Is it legal in C++ to overload operator++ so that it decrements a value in your class?

It is legal, but it is a bad idea. Operators should be overloaded in a way that is likely to be readily understood by anyone reading your code.

40. What return value must conversion operators have in their declaration?

None. Like constructors and destructors, they have no return values.

41. What is a v-table?

A v-table, or virtual function table, is a common way for compilers to manage virtual functions in C++. The table keeps a list of the addresses of all the virtual functions and, depending on the runtime type of the object pointed to, invokes the right function.

42. What is a virtual destructor?

A destructor of any class can be declared to be virtual. When the pointer is deleted, the runtime type of the object will be assessed and the correct derived destructor invoked.

43. How do you show the declaration of a virtual constructor?

There are no virtual constructors.

44. How can you create a virtual copy constructor?

By creating a virtual method in your class, which itself calls the copy constructor.

45. How do you invoke a base member function from a derived class in which you've overridden that function?
Base::FunctionName();

46. How do you invoke a base member function from a derived class in which you have not overridden that function?
FunctionName();

47. If a base class declares a function to be virtual, and a derived class does not use the term virtual when overriding that class, is it still virtual when inherited by a third-generation class?

Yes, the virtuality is inherited and cannot be turned off.

48. What is the protected keyword used for?

protected members are accessible to the member functions of derived objects.

49. What is a down cast?

A down cast (also called "casting down") is a declaration that a pointer to a base class is to be treated as a pointer to a derived class.

50. What is the v-ptr?

The v-ptr, or virtual-function pointer, is an implementation detail of virtual functions. Each object in a class with virtual functions has a v-ptr, which points to the virtual function table for that class.

51. If a round rectangle has straight edges and rounded corners, your RoundRect class inherits both from Rectangle and from Circle, and they in turn both inherit from Shape, how many Shapes are created when you create a RoundRect?

If neither class inherits using the keyword virtual, two Shapes are created: one for Rectangle and one for Shape. If the keyword virtual is used for both classes, only one shared Shape is created.

52. If Horse and Bird inherit virtual public from Animal, do their constructors initialize the Animal constructor? If Pegasus inherits from both Horse and Bird, how does it initialize Animal's constructor?

Both Horse and Bird initialize their base class, Animal, in their constructors. Pegasus does as well, and when a Pegasus is created, the Horse and Bird initializations of Animal are ignored.

53. Declare a class Vehicle and make it an abstract data type.
class Vehicle
{
virtual void Move() = 0;
}

54. If a base class is an ADT, and it has three pure virtual functions, how many of these functions must be overridden in its derived classes?

None must be overridden unless you want to make the class non-abstract, in which case all three must be overridden.

55. Can static member variables be private?

Yes. They are member variables, and their access can be controlled like any other. If they are private, they can be accessed only by using member functions or, more commonly, static member functions.

56. Show the declaration for a static member variable.
static int itsStatic;

57. Show the declaration for a static function pointer.
static int SomeFunction();

58. Show the declaration for a pointer to function returning long and taking an integer parameter.
long (* function)(int);
59. How do you establish an is-a relationship?

With public inheritance.

60. How do you establish a has-a relationship?

With containment; that is, one class has a member that is an object of another type.

61. What is the difference between containment and delegation?

Containment describes the idea of one class having a data member that is an object of another type. Delegation expresses the idea that one class uses another class to accomplish a task or goal. Delegation is usually accomplished by containment.

62. What is the difference between delegation and implemented-in-terms-of?

Delegation expresses the idea that one class uses another class to accomplish a task or goal. Implemented-in-terms-of expresses the idea of inheriting implementation from another class.

63. What is a friend function?

A friend function is a function declared to have access to the protected and private members of your
class.

64. What is a friend class?

A friend class is a class declared so that all its member functions are friend functions of your class.

65. If Dog is a friend of Boy, is Boy a friend of Dog?

No, friendship is not commutative.

66. If Dog is a friend of Boy, and Terrier derives from Dog, is Terrier a friend of Boy?

No, friendship is not inherited.

67. If Dog is a friend of Boy and Boy is a friend of House, is Dog a friend of House?

No, friendship is not associative.

68. Where must the declaration of a friend function appear?

Anywhere within the class declaration. It makes no difference whether you put the declaration within the public:, protected:, or private: access areas.
69. What is the insertion operator and what does it do?

The insertion operator (<<) is a member operator of the ostream object and is used for writing to the output device.70. What is the extraction operator and what does it do?The extraction operator (>>) is a member operator of the istream object and is used for writing to your program's variables.

71. What are the three forms of cin.get() and what are their differences?

The first form of get() is without parameters. This returns the value of the character found, and will return EOF (end of file) if the end of the file is reached.

The second form of cin.get() takes a character reference as its parameter; that character is filled with the next character in the input stream. The return value is an iostream object.

The third form of cin.get() takes an array, a maximum number of characters to get, and a terminating character. This form of get() fills the array with up to one fewer characters than the maximum (appending null) unless it reads the terminating character, in which case it immediately writes a null and leaves the terminating character in the buffer.

72. What is the difference between cin.read() and cin.getline()?

cin.read() is used for reading binary data structures.
getline() is used to read from the istream's buffer.

73. What is the default width for ouputting a long integer using the insertion operator?

Wide enough to display the entire number.

74. What is the return value of the insertion operator?

A reference to an istream object.

75. What parameter does the constructor to an ofstream object take?

The filename to be opened.

76. What does the ios::ate argument do?

ios::ate places you at the end of the file, but you can write data anywhere in the file.

77. What is an inclusion guard?

Inclusion guards are used to protect a header file from being included into a program more than once.

78. How do you instruct your compiler to print the contents of the intermediate file showing the effects of the preprocessor?

This quiz question must be answered by you, depending on the compiler you are using.

79. What is the difference between #define debug 0 and #undef debug?

#define debug 0 defines the term debug to equal 0 (zero). Everywhere the word debug is found, the character 0 will be substituted. #undef debug removes any definition of debug; when the word debug is found in the file, it will be left unchanged.

80. Name four predefined macros.

__DATE__, __TIME__, __FILE__, __LINE__

81. Why can't you call invariants() as the first line of your constructor?

The job of your constructor is to create the object. The class invariants cannot and should not exist before the object is fully created, so any meaningful use of invariants() will return false until the constructor is finished.

82. What is the difference between object-oriented programming and procedural programming?

Procedural programming focuses on functions separate from data. Object-oriented programming ties data and functionality together into objects, and focuses on the interaction among the objects.

83. To what does "event-driven" refer?

Event-driven programs are distinguished by the fact that action is taken only in response to some form of (usually external) simulation, such as a user's keyboard or mouse input.

84. What are the stages in the development cycle?

Typically, the development cycle includes analysis, design, coding, testing, programming, and interaction and feedback among these stages.

85. What is a rooted hierarchy?

A rooted hierarchy is one in which all the classes in the program derive directly or indirectly from a single base class.

86. What is a driver program?

A driver program is simply a function that is designed to exercise whatever objects and functions you are currently programming.

87. What is encapsulation?

Encapsulation refers to the (desirable) trait of bringing together in one class all the data and functionality of one discrete entity.

88. What is the difference between a template and a macro?

Templates are built into the C++ language and are type-safe. Macros are implemented by the preprocessor and are not type-safe.

89. What is the difference between the parameter to a template and the parameter to a function?

The parameter to the template creates an instance of the template for each type. If you create six template instances, six different classes or functions are created. The parameters to the function change the behavior or data of the function, but only one function is created.
90. What is the difference between a type-specific template friend class and a general template friend class?

The general template friend function creates one function for every type of the parameterized class; the type-specific function creates a type-specific instance for each instance of the parameterized class.

91. Is it possible to provide special behavior for one instance of a template but not for other instances?

Yes, create a specialized function for the particular instance. In addition to creating Array::SomeFunction(), also create Array::SomeFunction() to change the behavior for integer arrays.

92. How many static variables are created if you put one static member into a template class definition?
One for each instance of the class.

93. What is an exception?

An exception is an object that is created as a result of invoking the keyword throw. It is used to signal an exceptional condition, and is passed up the call stack to the first catch statement that handles its type.

94. What is a try block?

A try block is a set of statements that might generate an exception.

95. What is a catch statement?

A catch statement has a signature of the type of exception it handles. It follows a try block and acts as the receiver of exceptions raised within the try block.

96. What information can an exception contain?

An exception is an object and can contain any information that can be defined within a user-created class.

97. When are exception objects created?

Exception objects are created when you invoke the keyword throw.

98. Should you pass exceptions by value or by reference?

In general, exceptions should be passed by reference. If you don't intend to modify the contents of the exception object, you should pass a const reference.

99. Will a catch statement catch a derived exception if it is looking for the base class?

Yes, if you pass the exception by reference.

100. If there are two catch statements, one for base and one for derived, which should come first?

catch statements are examined in the order they appear in the source code. The first catch statement whose signature matches the exception is used.

101. What does catch(...) mean?

catch(...) will catch any exception of any type.

102. What is a breakpoint?

A breakpoint is a place in the code where the debugger will stop execution.

103 What is the difference between strcpy() and strncpy()?

strcpy(char* destination, char* source) copies source to destination, and puts a null at the end of destination. destination must be large enough to accommodate source, or strcpy() will simply write past the end of the array. strncpy(char* destination char* source, int howmany) will write howmany bytes of source to destination, but will not put a terminating null.

104. What does ctime() do?

ctime() takes a time_t variable and returns an ASCII string with the current time. The time_t variable is typically filled by passing its address to time().

105. What is the function to call to turn an ASCII string into a long?
atol()

SOME MORE VIVA QUESTIONS
1.What are classes?
 A class is a collection of objects of similar type. Once a class is defined any number of objects can be created of that class.
 Examples of classes are class of cars, class of pens, class of birds etc.
What are Instances?
 Instances are essentially objects derived out of classes.
 When an object is created for a particular class the process is called Instantiation. In general, life time of object is nothing but the time between an object creation, till the object is no longer used and is destructed or freed.

2.What is object orientation?
It is a technique for system modeling. It offers a number of concepts

3.Pointer type: A Pointer is a variable which holds the address of another variable.

4.Const Qualifier: Const qualifier is used to prevent from accidental changes within a program.

5.Differences between Structured Programming and OOP
– In St.P emphasis is on What is happening. In OOP emphasis is on Who is being affected.
– Data move openly around the system. In St.P. In OOP the data and functions that operate on the data are tied together
– In St.P most fns share global data. In OOP data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
– In St.P, Large programs are divided to smaller programs known as functions, In OOP they are divided into objects.
.
6.Enumerated Data type: It is a user-defined data type.
• The syntax of enum statement is similar to that of struct
• For Ex: enum shape{ circle, square, triangle};

7. New and Delete : (Memory Management Operators)
These are the unary operators to perform dynamic memory allocation and de-allocation
New operator is used to create objects. The General Form is:
Pointer-variable = new data-type; The general form of using delete
delete pointer-variable;
For Ex: delete p;

To free dynamically allocated array
delete [size] pointer-variable
For Ex: delete [10] p;

For Ex: int *p = new int;

8. Inline Functions:An inline function is a function that is expanded in line when it is invoked

Inline function-header
{
function body
}
Ex: inline int square(int a)
{
return a*a
};

9. Generic Functions
A generic function defines a general set of operations that can be applied to various types of data.. A generic function is created using the keyword template. The general form of template function definition is
1. Template ret-type func-name(parameter list)
{ //function body }
10. Constructors and Destructors
1. C++ allows automatic initialization of objects when they are created. This is performed through the use of a constructor function.
2. Constructor is a special function that is a member of the class and has the same name as that class.
3. The Constructor is automatically called whenever an object of its associated class is created.
4. A Constructor is declared and defined as follows
Destructors:
1. A destructor as the name implies is a complement of the constructor, used to destroy objects.
2. It will be invoked implicitly by the compiler upon exit from program or function or block
3. Local objects are destroyed when the block is left. Global objects are destroyed when the program terminates.
4. It is a member function whose name is same as the class name but is preceded by a tilde (~) operator. Ex : ~stack();
5. There are many reasons why a destructor may be needed. Ex: An object may need to deallocate memory that it had previously allocated, or close a file that it had opened.
6. A destructor never takes any argument nor does it return any value
7. It is a good practice to declare destructors

11. Class is syntactically similar to a struct. The only difference between them is that by default all members are public in a struct and private in a class.
12. Friend Functions
1. Private members cannot be accessed from outside the class i.e by a non-member function
2. C++ allows a non-member function to access private members of a class by using a friend function.
3. A friend function need not be a member of any class.
4. To make an outside function friendly to a class, include its prototype within the class, preceding it with the keyword friend.

13. Static Data Members(SDM)
1. Preceding a data member’s declaration with the keyword static tells the compiler that only one copy of that variable will exist and that all objects of the class will share that variable.
2. A static data member is initialized to zero when the first object of its class is created. No other initialization is permitted.
3. Declaring a static data member is not defining it (means not allocating storage for it). Remember class is a logical construct that does not have physical reality.
4. Defining a static data member is done outside the class by redeclaring the static variable using the scope resolution operator .
5. SDM are normally used to maintain values common to entire class
Static Member Functions(SMF)
There are several restrictions placed on Static member functions.
1. A static function can have access to only other static members declared in the same class.
2. Global functions and data may be accessed by SMF.
3. A SMF does not have a this pointer.
4. There cannot be a static version and non-static version of the same function
5. A SMF may not be virtual.
6. They cannot be declared as const or volatile
7. A static member function can be called using the class name as follows Class-name :: function-name;
8. Use is to preinitialize private static data before any object is created

14. This Pointer
When a member function is called, it is automatically passed an implicit argument that is a pointer to the invoking object. This pointer is called this

15.Operator Overloading
The mechanism of giving additional meaning to an operator is known as operator overloading.
16.INHERITANCE
1. The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old one is called Inheritance.
2. The concept of Inheritance provides the idea of reusability. This is basically done by creating new classes, reusing the properties of the existing ones.
3. A class that is inherited is referred to as base class, and a class that inherits is called the derived class.
4. Different types of Inheritance:

17.Protected Members
When a member of a class is declared as protected, that member is not accessible by other nonmember elements of the program

18.A Virtual function: is a member function that is declared within a base class and redefined by a derived class.To create a virtual function, precede the function’s declaration in the base class with the keyword Virtual.

19.. I/O Operations: C++ uses the concept of stream and stream classes to implement the I/O Operations. A stream acts as an interface between the program and I/O device.

20.What is Polymorphism?
 It is generally ability to appear in many forms. In OOP, polymorphism refers to a programming language’s ability to process objects differently depending on their data type or class.
21.What is Abstraction?
The process of picking out (abstracting) common features of objects and procedures. A programmer would use abstraction. Abstraction is one of the most important techniques in software engineering and it is closely related to two other techniques- encapsulation and information hiding. All these three techniques are used to reduce complexity.

DBMS viva q&A

2009-11-28T11:48:00.000+05:30

Database
1. What is database?
A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.

2. What is DBMS?
It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.

3. What is a Database system?
The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system.

4. Advantages of DBMS?
? Redundancy is controlled.
? Unauthorized access is restricted.
? Providing multiple user interfaces.
? Enforcing integrity constraints.
? Providing backup and recovery.

5. Disadvantage in File Processing System?
? Data redundancy & inconsistency.
? Difficult in accessing data.
? Data isolation.
? Data integrity.
? Concurrent access is not possible.
? Security Problems.

6. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
Three levels of abstraction:
? Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.
? Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data.
? View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.

7. Define the "integrity rules"
There are two Integrity rules.
? Entity Integrity: States that? Primary key cannot have NULL value?
? Referential Integrity: States that? Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation.

8. What is extension and intension?
Extension -It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.
Intension -It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it.

9. What is System R? What are its two major subsystems?
System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system.
Its two subsystems are
? Research Storage
? System Relational Data System.

10. How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure?
Unlike Relational systems in System R
? Domains are not supported
? Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional
? Enforcement of entity integrity is optional
? Referential integrity is not enforced

11. What is Data Independence?
Data independence means that? The application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data? In other words, the ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence:
? Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.
? Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level.
NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve

12. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?
A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence.

13. What is Data Model?
A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints.

14. What is E-R model?
This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.

15. What is Object Oriented model?
This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes.

16. What is an Entity?
It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence.

17. What is an Entity type?
It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.

18. What is an Entity set?
It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.

19. What is an Extension of entity type?
The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set.

20. What is Weak Entity set?
An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set.

21. What is an attribute?
It is a particular property, which describes the entity.

22. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?
A relation Schema denoted by R (A1, A2,…?, An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3... tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t= (v1, v2... vn).

23. What is degree of a Relation?
It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.

24. What is Relationship?
It is an association among two or more entities.

25. What is Relationship set?
The collection (or set) of similar relationships.

26. What is Relationship type?
Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types.

27. What is degree of Relationship type?
It is the number of entity type participating.

25. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?
A data base schema is specifies by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL.

26. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?
It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.

27. What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)?
This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas.

28. What is Data Storage - Definition Language?
The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language.

29. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?
This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate data model.
? Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data.
? Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.

31. What is DML Compiler?
It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand.

32. What is Query evaluation engine?
It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler.

33. What is DDL Interpreter?
It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata.

34. What is Record-at-a-time?
The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time.

35. What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented?
The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented.

36. What is Relational Algebra?
It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation.

37. What is Relational Calculus?
It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL.

38. How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus
The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL
The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.

39. What is normalization?
It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties
? Minimizing redundancy
? Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.

40. What is Functional Dependency?
A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.

41. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?
? Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.
? We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.
? We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

42. What is multivalued dependency?
Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the following properties
? t3[x] = t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X]
? t3[Y] = t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y]
? t3 [Z] = t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z]
Where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ]

43. What is Lossless join property?
It guarantees that the spurious tuples generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition.

44. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?
The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.

45. What is Fully Functional dependency?
It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more.

46. What is 2NF?
A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key.

47. What is 3NF?
A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true
? X is a Super-key of R.
? A is a prime attribute of R.
In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.

48. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?
A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.

49. What is 4NF?
A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true
? X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.
? X is a super key.

50. What is 5NF?
A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2... Rn} that holds R, one the following is true
? Ri = R for some i.
? The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R.

51. What is Domain-Key Normal Form?
A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the relation.

52. What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?
Partial Key:
It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.
Alternate Key:
All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys.
Artificial Key:
If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as developing an artificial key.
Compound Key:
If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound key.
Natural Key:
When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the natural key.

53. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?
Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.
Types:
? Binary search style indexing
? B-Tree indexing
? Inverted list indexing
? Memory resident table
? Table indexing

54. What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as?
A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary.

55. What is meant by query optimization?
The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization.

56. What is join dependency and inclusion dependency?
Join Dependency:
A Join dependency is generalization of multivalued dependency. A JD {R1, R2, ..., Rn} is said to hold over a relation R if R1, R2, R3, ..., Rn is a lossless-join decomposition of R . There is no set of sound and complete inference rules for JD.
Inclusion Dependency:
An Inclusion Dependency is a statement of the form that some columns of a relation are contained in other columns. A foreign key constraint is an example of inclusion dependency.

57. What is durability in DBMS?
Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability.

58. What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation?
Atomicity:
Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions.
Aggregation:
A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships.

59. What is a Phantom Deadlock?
In distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to unnecessary aborts.

60. What is a checkpoint and when does it occur?
A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes.

61. What are the different phases of transaction?
Different phases are
? Analysis phase
? Redo Phase
? Undo phase

62. What do you mean by flat file database?
It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-file capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management.

63. What is "transparent DBMS"?
It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user.

64. Brief theory of Network, Hierarchical schemas and their properties
Network schema uses a graph data structure to organize records example for such a database management system is CTCG while a hierarchical schema uses a tree data structure example for such a system is IMS.

65. What is a query?
A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation language.

66. What do you mean by Correlated sub query?
Sub queries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the sub query is written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the sub query is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated sub query.
A correlated sub query can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent sub query columns in its WHERE clause. Columns from the sub query cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated sub query.
E.g. Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE from ORDER Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM)

67. What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems?
Addition, deletion and modification.

68. Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored
? Edit? Buffer

69. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?
PROJECTION and SELECTION.

70. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?
No.
PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another.
JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another.

71. What is RDBMS KERNEL?
Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database
You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage within its table-space structures
.
72. Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS
I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management

73. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How
Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.

74. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?
The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location.

75. not only RDBMS takes care of locating data it also
Determines an optimal access path to store or retrieve the data

76. How do you communicate with an RDBMS?
You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL)

77. Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional programming Languages
SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform them.

78. Name the three major set of files on disk that compose a database in Oracle
There are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files are binary. These are
? Database files
? Control files
? Redo logs
The most important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself.
All three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or the entire database using a backup, if there is one.

79. What is an Oracle Instance?
The Oracle system processes, also known as Oracle background processes, provide functions for the user processes? Functions that would otherwise be done by the user processes themselves
Oracle database-wide system memory is known as the SGA, the system global area or shared global area. The data and control structures in the SGA are shareable, and all the Oracle background processes and user processes can use them.
The combination of the SGA and the Oracle background processes is known as an Oracle instance

80. What are the four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable
The four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable include DBWR (Database Writer), LGWR (Log Writer), SMON (System Monitor), and PMON (Process Monitor).

81. What are database files, control files and log files? How many of these files should a database have at least? Why?
Database Files
The database files hold the actual data and are typically the largest in size. Depending on their sizes, the tables (and other objects) for all the user accounts can go in one database file? But that's not an ideal situation because it does not make the database structure very flexible for controlling access to storage for different users, putting the database on different disk drives, or backing up and restoring just part of the database.
You must have at least one database file but usually, more than one file are used. In terms of accessing and using the data in the tables and other objects, the number (or location) of the files is immaterial.
The database files are fixed in size and never grow bigger than the size at which they were created
Control Files
The control files and redo logs support the rest of the architecture. Any database must have at least one control file, although you typically have more than one to guard against loss. The control file records the name of the database, the date and time it was created, the location of the database and redoes logs, and the synchronization information to ensure that all three sets of files are always in step. Every time you add a new database or redo log file to the database, the information is recorded in the control files.
Redo Logs
Any database must have at least two redo logs. These are the journals for the database; the redo logs record all changes to the user objects or system objects. If any type of failure occurs, the changes recorded in the redo logs can be used to bring the database to a consistent state without losing any committed transactions. In the case of non-data loss failure, Oracle can apply the information in the redo logs automatically without intervention from the DBA.
The redo log files are fixed in size and never grow dynamically from the size at which they were created.

82. What is ROWID?
The ROWID is a unique database-wide physical address for every row on every table. Once assigned (when the row is first inserted into the database), it never changes until the row is deleted or the table is dropped.
The ROWID consists of the following three components, the combination of which uniquely identifies the physical storage location of the row.
? Oracle database file number, which contains the block with the rows
? Oracle block address, which contains the row
? The row within the block (because each block can hold many rows)
The ROWID is used internally in indexes as a quick means of retrieving rows with a particular key value. Application developers also use it in SQL statements as a quick way to access a row once they know the ROWID

83. What is Oracle Block? Can two Oracle Blocks have the same address?
Oracle "formats" the database files into a number of Oracle blocks when they are first created? Making it easier for the RDBMS software to manage the files and easier to read data into the memory areas.
The block size should be a multiple of the operating system block size. Regardless of the block size, the entire block is not available for holding data; Oracle takes up some space to manage the contents of the block. This block header has a minimum size, but it can grow.
These Oracle blocks are the smallest unit of storage. Increasing the Oracle block size can improve performance, but it should be done only when the database is first created.
Each Oracle block is numbered sequentially for each database file starting at 1. Two blocks can have the same block address if they are in different database files.

84. What is database Trigger?
A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined to automatically execute for insert, update, and delete statements against a table. The trigger can e defined to execute once for the entire statement or once for every row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. For any one table, there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers. A database trigger can call database procedures that are also written in PL/SQL.

85. Name two utilities that Oracle provides, which are use for backup and recovery.
Along with the RDBMS software, Oracle provides two utilities that you can use to back up and restore the database. These utilities are Export and Import.
The Export utility dumps the definitions and data for the specified part of the database to an operating system binary file. The Import utility reads the file produced by an export, recreates the definitions of objects, and inserts the data
If Export and Import are used as a means of backing up and recovering the database, all the changes made to the database cannot be recovered since the export was performed. The best you can do is recover the database to the time when the export was last performed.

86. What are stored-procedures? And what are the advantages of using them.
Stored procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation. A stored procedure can have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure executes the SQL commands and returns the result to the client. Stored procedures are used to reduce network traffic.

87. How are exceptions handled in PL/SQL? Give some of the internal exceptions' name
PL/SQL exception handling is a mechanism for dealing with run-time errors encountered during procedure execution. Use of this mechanism enables execution to continue if the error is not severe enough to cause procedure termination.
The exception handler must be defined within a subprogram specification. Errors cause the program to raise an exception with a transfer of control to the exception-handler block. After the exception handler executes, control returns to the block in which the handler was defined. If there are no more executable statements in the block, control returns to the caller.
User-Defined Exceptions
PL/SQL enables the user to define exception handlers in the declarations area of subprogram specifications. User accomplishes this by naming an exception as in the following example:
Ot_failure EXCEPTION;
In this case, the exception name is ot_failure. Code associated with this handler is written in the EXCEPTION specification area as follows:
EXCEPTION
When OT_FAILURE then
out_status_code:= g_out_status_code;
out_most:= g_out_msg;
The following is an example of a subprogram exception:
EXCEPTION
When NO_DATA_FOUND then
g_out_status_code:= 'FAIL';
RAISE ot_failure;
Within this exception is the RAISE statement that transfers control back to the ot_failure exception handler. This technique of raising the exception is used to invoke all user-defined exceptions.
System-Defined Exceptions
Exceptions internal to PL/SQL are raised automatically upon error. NO_DATA_FOUND is a system-defined exception. Table below gives a complete list of internal exceptions.

PL/SQL internal exceptions.

PL/SQL internal exceptions.

Exception Name Oracle Error
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN ORA-06511
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ORA-00001
INVALID_CURSOR ORA-01001
INVALID_NUMBER ORA-01722
LOGIN_DENIED ORA-01017
NO_DATA_FOUND ORA-01403
NOT_LOGGED_ON ORA-01012
PROGRAM_ERROR ORA-06501
STORAGE_ERROR ORA-06500
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE ORA-00051
TOO_MANY_ROWS ORA-01422
TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT ORA-00061
VALUE_ERROR ORA-06502
ZERO_DIVIDE ORA-01476

In addition to this list of exceptions, there is a catch-all exception named OTHERS that traps all errors for which specific error handling has not been established.

88. Does PL/SQL support "overloading"? Explain
The concept of overloading in PL/SQL relates to the idea that you can define procedures and functions with the same name. PL/SQL does not look only at the referenced name, however, to resolve a procedure or function call. The count and data types of formal parameters are also considered.
PL/SQL also attempts to resolve any procedure or function calls in locally defined packages before looking at globally defined packages or internal functions. To further ensure calling the proper procedure, you can use the dot notation. Prefacing a procedure or function name with the package name fully qualifies any procedure or function reference.

89. Tables derived from the ERD
a) Are totally UN normalized
b) Are always in 1NF
c) Can be further denormalized
d) May have multi-valued attributes

(b) Are always in 1NF

90. Spurious tuples may occur due to
i. Bad normalization
ii. Theta joins
iii. Updating tables from join
a) i & ii b) ii & iii
c) i & iii

SP(lex& yacc) LAB VIVA questions

2009-11-28T11:46:00.000+05:30

1) Explain lex and yacc tools:-

Lex:- scanner that can identify those tokens

Yacc:- parser.yacc takes a concise description of a grammar and produces a C routine that can parse that grammar.

2) give the structure of the lex program:-

definition section- any intitial ‘c’ program code

% %

Rules section- pattern and action separated by white space

User subroutines section-concsit of any legal code.

3) The lexer produced by lex in a ‘c’ routine is called yylex()

4) Explain yytext:- contains the text that matched the pattern.

5) The yacc produced by parser is called yyparse().

6) Why we have to include ‘y.tab.h’ in lex?

y.tab.h contains token definitions eg:- #define letter 258.

7) explain the structure of a yacc program?

Defn section- declarations of the tokens used in the grammar

The rules section-pattern action

Users subroutines section

8) explain yyleng?

Yyleng-contains the length of the string our lexer recognizes.

9) features of unix:-multitasking,mutiuser,online help facility,security,file & process.

10) What is an internal command?give an example?

Command which is shell built-in eg:echo

11) what is an external command?give a example?

Command which resides in other directories-eg:cd in /bin

12) what is an absolute path name?give an example?

A file name identification with respect to the root. Eg:- /home/kumar/f1

13) what is an relative path name?

A file identification not with respect to the root.

13) differentiate the commands cp and mv?

Cp- copy the files

mv- renaming the file.

14) explain mkdir command?

Used to create a directory

Eg:mkdir m1,m2

15) what are tokens or terminal symbols?

Symbols that appear in the input are returned by the lexer are terminal symbols.

16) what type of data structures is used by shift/reduce parsing?

Stack.

17) shell- it is a command interpreter

kernel- is the core of the operating system.

18) what is lexical analyzer?

Lex taking a set of descriptions of possible tokensand producing a ‘C” routine is called a lexical analyzer (or) lexer (or) scanner.

19) define grammer?

The list of rules that define the relationship that the program understands is a grammar.

20) what is symbol table?

The table of words is a simple symbol table,a common structure in lex and yacc applications.

21) what is pseudo token

A pseudo token standing for unary minus, has no associativity is at the highest precedence.

22) what does $$ represents?

$$ represents the value of the left hand side.

23) What are shell scripts?

Using a program, we can run more than one command.

24) what is the usage of grep command?

Grep command is used to search a pattern in a database.

25) what is exit status command?

Exit 0- return success,command executed successfully.

Exit 1 – return failure.

26) what are daemons?

They are one system processes

27) uname:- tells you the name of the unix system you are using.

28) Umask:- tells unix which permissions to give to files and directories you create.

29) tty- displays the device name of your terminal

30) Vi editor- (visual editor)- used to write programs.

31) $ls-l:-lists the attributes of a file.

Create EXE or Setup File in .NET Windows Application

2009-11-27T18:23:00.000+05:30

Setup Projects
Setup projects allow you to create installers in order to distribute an application. The resulting Windows Installer (.msi) file contains the application, any dependent files, information about the application such as registry entries, and instructions for installation. When the .msi file is distributed and run on another computer, you can be assured that everything necessary for installation is included; if for any reason the installation fails (for example, the target computer does not have the required operating system version), the installation will be rolled back and the computer returned to its pre-installation state.
The following steps will gives the elegant guidance to create an exe or installer file.
1, Go to file menu > click Add > new project >now “Add New Project” dialog will appear.

2.Select the “Other Project Types” and click “Setup and Deployment” projects,Choose “Setup Project”give name project name in name text box finally click OK.

3.New project appear in solution explorer,for eg., you have give the name “MyEXE” file will be displays with given name.

4.Right click the MyEXE > go View > click “File System”

5.You can see the “File System on TargetMachine”under three folders
Application Folder
User’s Desktop
User’s Program Menu

6.Select Application Folder and right click Add>Project Output>select Primary output

7. Select User’s Desktop richt click on the second window>click create new shortcut>select output file from Application folder>change the file name from primary output name to MyEXE

next >>

same procedure follows the user’s program menu also

8.If you want to change the Manufactures name for exe,just right click the project go to properties

change the properties as per you requirement
9.Finally Build the new project After successfully Build the project myEXE(Setup) will be appear in Application Debug or Release folder(depend upon the properties settings)

EXE or installer will be available on his physical path…

When you want to install the EXE on the client machine,you should be installed .NET Framework on that machine because, Applications and controls written for the .NET Framework v2.0 requires the .NET Framework Redistributable Package version 2.0 to be installed on the computer where the application or control runs.
thanx to balanagaraj

9 Commandments for Programmers

2009-11-27T18:04:00.000+05:30

hi friends , here i noted few points which will definately help to new programmers. try to follow this.

1) Keep your coooool ( dont get mad)
2) work when you are rested(dont program when u r tiered)
3) Kiss ur software(keep it simple,sweeetie)
4)Give Help / get Help
5)study and know the rules for the language(syntax)
6) Learn the development environment & tools
7) understand the problem u r trying to solve
8)build and test ur software in steps
9) save early/ save often (back up ur comp programing files often)

& important thing is "Patience........ Patience.........Patience."

Interview by NASA( its funny)

2009-10-21T20:57:00.000+05:30

NASA officials were interviewing three prospective astronauts to sent to Mars on a dangerous one-way trip. Only one of the three would go, and that candidate would never return to Earth. The interviewer asked the first candidate, an engineer, how much he wanted to be paid to go.

"One million dollars," replied the engineer, "and I want it donated to my alma mater, Rice University."

The interviewer asked the next candidate the same question.

"Two million dollars," answered the doctor, "and I want to give one million to my family and leave the other million to medical research."

The third candidate, a lawyer, was asked the same question.

"Three million dollars!" replied the lawyer.

"Why so much?" the interviewer inquired.

The lawyer replied, "If you give me three million, I'll keep a million, give you a million, and we'll send the engineer."(by :archit)

Heading to the Villages

2009-10-04T17:42:00.000+05:30

Indian telivision is finally coming of age. Or it seems from some of the new serials that have been launched or running for some time. If Aap Ki Antara dealt with the sensitive topic of autism, Bairi Piya - The latest launch from Balagi is based on the real life struggle of farmers from the Vidharba region in rural maharashtra. The show, being aired on Colors , was launched in september and has already caught the attention of many a viewer for its unique storyline.

The story is based on the real life incidents of farmer suicides in the Vidarbha region and highlight the problem faced by farmers in recent years. i just copy some points from Sunday Herald.

Watch 'Bairi Piya' from Monday to Friday at 8.30 pm.

2009-10-01T19:41:00.000+05:30

history repeats .......!!!???

2009-10-01T19:32:00.000+05:30

ಇವತ್ತು (ಅಂದ್ರೆ 1-10-2009 ) ನಮ್ಮ ಕಾಲೇಜ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ 1st year students ವೆಲ್ಕಮ್ ಪಾರ್ಟಿ ಇತ್ತು. ಎಲ್ಲ function ಮುಗಿದಮೇಲೆ ನಮಗೆಲ್ಲ ಊಟದ token ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ರು. ನಾವೆಲ್ಲ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಬಂದ್ರೆ ಆಯಿತು ಅಂತ ಒಂದು ರೌಂಡ್ ಹೋಗಿದ್ವಿ. at that ಟೈಮ್ 1st ಇಯರ್ students ಅಂಡ್ 2nd ಇಯರ್ student finish their lunch. ಒಹ್!!! ನಾವು ಬಂದಾಗ ಅವರೆಲ್ಲ ಹೊರಗೆ ನಿಂತಿದ್ದರು. ನಾವು ಇನ್ನು ಜನ ಇದಾರೆ ಅಂತ ಅಲ್ಲೇ ನಿಂತಿದ್ವಿ. ಆಗ ನಮ್ಮ other friends ಬಂದು , ಹೋಗಿ , ನಮ್ಮದೆಲ್ಲ ಆಯಿತು ಅಂದಾಗ ನಾವು ಹೋದ್ವಿ .... at that time ನನಗೆ ಒಂದು horrible thing ಕಾದಿತ್ತು. ರೈಸ್ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಎಲ್ಲ ಖಾಲಿ ಆಗಿತ್ತು. ಒಹ್ god ಅಂತ ಹೇಳಿ ಅದನ್ನೇ ತಿಂದ್ವಿ.( of course i ask about other dishes later) . while eating, ನನ್ನ ತಲೇಲಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಷಯ ಫ್ಲಾಶ್ ಆಯಿತು. ಅದು ಏನಂದ್ರೆ .......? this is ನನ್ನ 2nd experience.!!!!!!

MORAl: ಯಾವತ್ತು ಊಟಕ್ಕೆ ಮೊದಲ ಪ್ರಾಶಸ್ತ್ಯ ಕೊಡಿ. ಎಲ್ಲ ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಹಿಸ್ಟರಿ ರಿಪೀಟ್ ಆಗುತ್ತೆ.

2009-09-30T20:27:00.000+05:30

2009-09-30T20:11:00.000+05:30

2009-09-29T19:21:00.000+05:30

9 Ways to debug your mind

2009-09-29T19:18:00.000+05:30

1. Know your own mind – Know your operating system
Not knowing your own mind is like not knowing what operating system your computer uses. Unless you know the operating system you can’t buy software for your computer and if you do chances are it will malfunction or not work at all. Knowing your mind is knowing what values and principles you live by. You might now know all your values and principles but you certainly know some of them. For example would you ever steal from someone, more than likely you wouldn’t, so that is one of the values you live by – I shall not steal from someone else. What about honesty? what about being authentic? What about having compassion for others? What about working hard? These are all values and principles you live your life by. By looking at and developing each value and principle you can start to strengthen each one.

2. Work on your beliefs – Learn the software
Are some of your beliefs outdated? Your beliefs about yourself and the world around you are constantly being updated but you can speed the process up and enjoy a fuller, richer life by knowing what your beliefs are and strengthening them to move you forward. Your beliefs are like the software you have on your computer, you know they are there but you might have not made the best use of them. For example I have photoshop on my computer but I really only use it for cropping, and touching up photos, when there is so much more I could do with photoshop if I only took the time to learn more about it. So it is with beliefs – I believe I am a decent writer but I have never pushed myself to put my writing out there and work on it more and begin to polish it and find my own voice. There are also some beliefs that no longer serve me well so I should drop them. For example I am now quite a confident person but beliefs from my past try and muscle their way in to my current belief, it’s now time to let go of the old belief and live the new belief.

3. Dropping past memories – Deleting old files
Memories you have which can be harmful to your well being are best dropped altogether. Easy to say, harder to do. Some people spend a lifetime in therapy trying to understand why something happened from their childhood, why? Acknowledge that something bad has happened to you and whilst you might never be able to delete the memory you can choose when to access the memory. It’s like having old files on your computer, that will never do you or the computer any good but you choose to go into the folder and open the files up every day. It’s time for the delete button. If the memories are still raw, then that is a different story but if the memories are years old then it’s time to hit DELETE.

4. Take time for yourself – Shutdown your emails, skype, and chat software
Our lives have become so busy with 1001 things to do for our kids, our families, our partners, our work, and friends. Sometimes you just have to shut the world out for a bit and take time for yourself and do something you enjoy. It’s like every time you go on the computer and there are people sending you emails, sending you tweets, wanting to googletalk or talk to you on skype. Shut everything down and take time for yourself. Take a day off work, don’t tell anybody, send the kids to school and spend the day reading, browsing shops, walking, in an art gallery, anything just to be yourself. The time we spend alone is time recharging our batteries.

5. Learn new habits – Upgrade your software
Our habits can also become outdated and if we do the same as we have always done we will always get the same results. Just like your computer if you use the same software without upgrading it you will be missing out on the true potential of the software. Your habits need to be constantly upgraded and new ones introduced over time. If your habit is to exercise only after you have noticed you are piling on the pounds and then stop exercising, then it’s time to look at this habit and rework it so it suits you better and saves you the anguish and pain of piling on the pounds.

6. Keep your mind active – Learn new software
Our minds can become dull with the drudgery of life and going over the same things day in day out. We become bored and settle for a less than perfect life. If we constantly learn new things about our world and the people in it the world and life will not seem dull. Imagine if you were to keep using the Wordpress software which came out all those years ago, your blogs or websites wouldn’t be all that exciting, now there is so much more Wordpress can do and the current version on 2.8.4 is so much more powerful. Our minds need to keep active and constantly learning new information in order to keep on working in later life.

7. Dropping the deadwood – Delete user permissions
As hard as it sounds there are some people in our lives who do not belong in our lives anymore, you’ve moved on perhaps they have to, but you still keep in touch for some reason, it could be pity, it could be guilt or misplaced loyalty. Whatever it is, if there are people in your life who drag you down, are negative, are not as committed as you, it’s time to say goodbye to them. Change the user permissions on the computer and lock them out. They will move on and you will move on, it’s called life and you will both feel better for it.

8. Recharge your mind – Putting your computer on sleep mode
We are living in an age of information overload and as we learn to adapt and evolve to this we have to find a way to recharge our minds. One of the best ways of doings this, I find, is some form of meditation. 20 – 40 minutes per day will do wonders for your energy, productivity and creativity. When I have mentioned this in the past some people object stating that they cannot get 40 minutes to spend on meditating. The 40 minutes spent on meditating will free up at least 1 hour of your time during the day by recharging your mind and being able to think more clearer, more more productive and have more energy. So if you look at it from the point of view that you are saving at least 20 minutes per day instead of losing 40 minutes per day this might change your mind about meditation.

9. Developing thinking skills – What language is your computer using?
Your computer software is only as good as the language it is written in. Imagine if all software was still written in an old computer language how far would computing have evolved – not very far at all. As computer languages have evolved programmers have written software with the ability to predict what may happen and ‘if’ something happens what to do about it. Our thinking skills are vital to be able to communicate with each other to get our thoughts across to someone else. whilst we were not taught thinking skills formally, we have developed thinking strategies over the course of our lives. It’s important to look at thinking as a skill in order to develop it. Using cognitive brain enhancing programs are one way to develop thinking skills as is reading more on the topic, which is way to big to go into in a post this size. Another thing I would recommend is reading about philosophical issues, I think this is a great exercise to develop thinking skills and can lead you to places in your mind you didn’t know existed.

Author: Steven Aitchison

Brain Workout: 10 Free Mind Games for Mind Exercise

2009-09-29T19:03:00.000+05:30

One way to exercise your brain is playing:

Play engages the prefrontal cortex, responsible for your highest-level cognitive functions – including self-knowledge, memory, mental imagery, and incentive and reward processing… Activities like bridge, chess, sudoku, role-playing games, and challenging crossword puzzles all provide rigorous neural workouts.

here are some tips to get the most out of the games:

1.Set aside time to play
Though not everyday, you need to allocate time to play. This is not just playing anyway; this is time investment to sharpen your mind.

2.Start with a game you are familiar with
If you found it difficult to understand how to play a game, you might not be motivated to play. So start with the games you are familiar with. This way you can soon train your brain without being distracted by the game rules.

3.Choose a new game later
After you have played a game quite often, you should try a new game. It gives your brain a different kind of training that enriches it.

4.Increase the level of difficulty
Just like you should increase the weight you use in weight training to build your muscles, you should also increase the difficulty of the games you play to build your brain muscles. This way you stretch your mind beyond its current boundary.

With those tips in mind, here are 10 free mind games to exercise your brain:

1. Sudoku

About the game

Sudoku is a logic-based number placement puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3×3 boxes (also called blocks or regions) contains the digits from 1 to 9, only one time each (that is, exclusively). The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid. (source)

Where to play

■Sudoku Daily on Yahoo! Games
■Sudoku – Miniclip Games
■Super Sudoku
■BrainBashers: Daily Sudoku
■Brain Games: Sudoku
Resources

■List of Sudoku terms and jargon
■Sudoku Tips: Learn How To Solve Sudoku Faster
■Killer Sudoku Tips and Strategies
■Sudoku tips: How to solve Sudoku

2. Chess

About the game

Chess is played on a square chequered chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight square. At the start, each player (one controlling the white pieces, the other controlling the black pieces) controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent’s king, whereby the king is under immediate attack (in “check”) and there is no way to remove it from attack on the next move. (source)
For more information, see the rules of chess.

Where to play

■Play Against the Computer – Chess.com
■Chess – Games for the Brain
■Simple Chess
Resources

■Ten Tips to Winning Chess
■Chess opening

3. Bridge

About the game

Contract bridge, usually known simply as bridge, is a trick-taking card game of skill and chance. It is played by four players who form two partnerships; the partners sit opposite each other at a table. The game consists of the auction (often called bidding) and play, after which the hand is scored. (source)
For more information, see the rules of bridge.

Where to play

These sites require you to log in and play against other human players. I couldn’t find free sites that allow you to play bridge online against computer.

■Yahoo! Bridge
■Bridge Base Online
Resources

■Contract Bridge Glossary
■Bridge Scoring
■Bridge Strategy

4. Crossword

About the game

A crossword is a word puzzle that normally takes the form of a square or rectangular grid of black and white squares. The goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues which lead to the answers. (source)

Where to play

■Daily Crosswords on Yahoo! Games
■BrainBashers: Crosswords
Resources

■Crossword puzzle solving tips

5. Go

About the game

Go is played by two players alternately placing black and white stones on the vacant intersections of a line grid. The objective of the game is to control a larger part of the board than the opponent. (source)
For more information, see the rules of Go.

Where to play

■Computer-Go Online
Resources

■Sensei’s Library: Beginner Study Section
■Seven Steps to Shodan

6. Checkers

About the game

Checkers is a form of the draughts board game played on an 8×8 board with 12 pieces on each side that may only move and capture forward. (source)
For more information, see the rules of checkers.

Where to play

■Checkers – Mind Bluff
Resources

■Checkers Strategies
■Checkers in a Nutshell

7. Reversi

About the game

Reversi are names for a board game which involves play by two parties on an eight-by-eight square grid with pieces that have two distinct sides. The object of the game is to make your pieces constitute a majority of the pieces on the board at the end of the game, by turning over as many of your opponent’s pieces as possible. (source)
For more information, see the rules of Reversi.

Where to play

■Reversi – Games for the Brain
■Reversi – interJEUX.net
Resources

■Reversi Strategy
■French Othello Federation Booklet

8. Connect Four

About the game

Connect Four is a two-player board game in which the players take turns in dropping alternating colored discs into a seven-column, six-row vertically-suspended grid. The object of the game is to connect four singly-colored discs in a row — vertically, horizontally, or diagonally — before your opponent can do likewise. (source)

Where to play

■Brain Games: Connect Four
■Connect 4 – interJEUX.net
Resources

■Connect Four Tips & Tricks
■Connect Four – Wikibooks

9. Chinese Checkers

About the game

Chinese checkers is a board game that can be played by two to six people. The objective of the game is to place one’s pieces in the corner opposite their starting position of a pitted 6-pointed star by single moves or jumps over other pieces. (source)
For more information, read the rules of Chinese checkers.

Where to play

■Chinese Checkers | Thinks.com
■Brain Games: Chinese Checkers
Resources

■Chinese Checkers – Wikibooks
■Chinese checkers: Strategy and tips

10. Mastermind

About the game

Mastermind is a simple code-breaking board game for two players (source). For more information, read the rules of Mastermind.

Where to play

■Mastermind – NLVM
■Super-Mastermind
Resource

■Mastermind Algorithms
***

The ten games above are enough to improve your brain fitness. But, in case you got bored, there are plenty of other mind games you can find on these sites:

■Mind Bluff
■interJEUX.net
■BrainBashers
■Brain Games – Sheppard Software
■Games for the Brain
Whatever game you choose, play it and boost your brain’s performance.

If you liked this article, please share it on StumbleUpon or del.icio.us. I’d appreciate it.

Photo by apesara

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Why celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi?

2009-08-23T10:30:00.000+05:30

Ganesha Festival is a day on which Lord Ganesha, the son of Shiva and Parvati, is believed to bestow his presence on earth for all his devotees. It is also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi or Vinayaka Chavithi in Sanskrit, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu, Chavath in Konkani and Chathaa in Nepali Bhasa.

It is celebrated as it is the birthday of Lord Ganesha. The festival is observed in the Hindu calendar month of Bhaadrapada, starting on the shukla chaturthi (fourth day of the waxing moon period). Typically, the day usually falls between 20 August and 15 September. The festival lasts for 10 days, ending on Anant Chaturdashi. This festival is observed in the lunar month of bhadrapada shukla paksha chathurthi madhyahana vyapini purvaviddha. If Chaturthi prevails on both days, the first day should be observed. Even if chaturthi prevails for complete duration of madhyahana on the second day, but if it prevails on previous day's madhyahana period even for one ghatika (24 minutes) the previous day should be observed.

Ganesha, the elephant-headed son of Shiva and Parvati, is widely worshiped as the supreme god of wisdom, prosperity and good fortune.

While celebrated all over India, it is most elaborate in Maharashtra, Goa (Biggest festival for Konkani people all over the world), Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, and other areas which were former states of the Maratha Empire. Outside India, it is celebrated widely in Nepal which was only Hindu Kingdom in the world and Tamil Hindus in Sri Lanka.

Password Protection Policy

2009-08-23T10:25:00.000+05:30

Overview Passwords are an integral aspect of our computer security program. Passwords are the front line of protection for user accounts. A poorly chosen password may result in the compromise of critical (organization) resources. As such, all (organization) staff and outside contractors and vendors with access to our systems are responsible for taking the appropriate steps, as outlined below, to select and secure their passwords.
Purpose The purpose of this policy is to establish a standard for creation of strong passwords, the protection of those passwords, and the frequency of change.
Scope The scope of this policy includes all personnel who have or are responsible for an account or any form of access that supports or requires a password on any (organization) system.
Policy: IT Support Professional All system-level passwords (e.g., root, enable, admin, application administration accounts, etc.) must be changed every 90 days. All systems administrative-level passwords for production environments must be part of an ITSS administered global password management database. User accounts that have system-level privileges granted through group memberships or programs must have a unique password from all other accounts held by that user. Where SNMP (system network management protocol) is used, the community strings must be defined as something other than the standard defaults of "public," "private" and "system" and must be different from the passwords used to log in interactively. A keyed hash must be used where available (e.g., SNMPv3).
General Users All user-level passwords (e.g., email, web, desktop computer, etc.) must be changed every 90 days. Passwords must not be included in email messages or other forms of electronic communication. Passwords must be at least 8 characters in length. All user-level and system-level passwords must conform to the guidelines described below.
Guidelines General password construction guidelines are used for various purposes at (organization), i.e. user level accounts, web accounts, email accounts, screen saver protection, voicemail password, and local router logins). It is important that everyone be aware of how to select strong passwords.
Poor, weak passwords have the following characteristics: The password can be found in a dictionary (English or foreign) The password is a common usage word such as: Names of family, pets, friends, co-workers, fantasy characters, computer terms and names, commands, sites, companies, hardware, software, birthdays and other personal information such as addresses and phone numbers. Word or number patterns like aaabbb, qwerty, zyxwvuts, 123321, etc. Any of the above spelled backwards. Any of the above preceded or followed by a digit (e.g., secret1, 1secret).
Strong passwords have the following characteristics: Contain both upper and lower case characters (e.g., a-z, A-Z) Have digits and punctuation characters as well as letters e.g., 0-9, !@#$%^&*()_+|~-=\`{}[]:";'<>?,./) Are at least eight alphanumeric characters long. Are not a word in any language, slang, dialect, jargon, etc. Are not based on personal information, names of family, etc. Try to create passwords that can be easily remembered. One way to do this is create a password based on a song title, affirmation, or other phrase. For example, the phrase might be: "This May Be One Way To Remember" and the password could be: "TmB1w2R!" or "Tmb1W>r~" or some other variation. NOTE: Do not use either of these examples as passwords!
Password protection standards Change passwords at least once every 90 days. Do not write down passwords Do not store passwords on-line without encryption. Do not use the same password for (organization) accounts as for other non-(organization) access (e.g., personal ISP account, on-line banking, email, benefits, etc.). Do not share (organization) passwords with anyone, including administrative assistants or secretaries. All passwords are to be treated as sensitive, confidential (organization) information. Don't reveal a password over the phone to ANYONE Don't reveal a password in an email message Don't reveal a password to the boss Don't talk about a password in front of others Don't hint at the format of a password (e.g., "my family name") Don't reveal a password on questionnaires or security forms Don't share a password with family members Don't reveal a password to co-workers while on vacation Don't use the "Remember Password" feature of applications (e.g., Groupwise, Instant Messenger, Internet Explorer, Mozilla). If someone demands a password, refer them to this document or have them call the IT Service Desk. If an account or password is suspected to have been compromised, report the incident to IT security and change all passwords. Password cracking or guessing may be performed on a periodic or random basis by security personnel. If a password is guessed or cracked during one of these scans, the incident will be documented and the user will be required to change their password.

(Note: These are extracted from online resources)

Dreams-How to get success?

2009-08-23T10:20:00.000+05:30

Success is not an accident. It is the result of your attitude and your attitude is a choice hence is mater of choice not a chance.

Successful people are not ten times smarter than the people who fail. They may be fractionally better, but the rewards are ten times better. so any one can achieve the success.

For achieving the Dream(SUCCESS):

What is holding us back?

“I can’t do this because … ……”

“Don’t think , don’t ask and don’t listen just rationalize”

“I am unlucky.

I was born under wrong stars.

I am too young.

I don’t know English.

My friends are rejecting me.

My friends are teasing.

College times , assignments , exams.

I don’t hav enough money.

Rain , wind, twister , flood.

Just ask yourself:

1.Do you have clearly defined purpose?

2. Do I have plan of action?

3. what efforts am I putting into preparation?

4. how far I willing to go?

5. Am I willing practice towords excellence?
6. do I have pride in my performance?

7.Do I have the “can do” attitude?

8. Am I working exactly towords my goal?

What is the key to Success?

Preparation:
Winners put pressure on themselves i.e pressure of preparing and not worry
Ng about winning.

Preparation=purpose+principle+planning+Practice+persevarence+Patience+Pride

Hard Work:
“Nature gives bierds their food but does not put in their nests. They have worked hard for it.”

I worked Hard and trained in Grmany . It only proves that if you keep working hard you would have yopur day definitely”

- Abhinav Bindra.

I like to work half a day I don’t care if it is the first 12 hours or the second 12 hours.
- Kammons Wilson ,CEO of Holiday Inn.

Some obstacles to ur Success way:

-Ego
-Fear of Failure
-Lack of Self-esteem
-No plan
-Doing too much alone
-Procrastination

“IF YOU REALLY WANT SUCCESS , FORM THE HABIT OF DOING THINGS THAT FAILURE DON’T LIKE TO DO.”

“FACE CHALLENGE IN EVERY FIELD”

“EXPECT SUCCESS IN WHATEVER YOU DO”

“STOP BOTHERING ABOUT PETTY THINGS AND START CONCENTRATING ON YOUR BIGGER DREAM . THE PETTY THINGS WILL TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES.”

SUYOGA

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